Minstrelsy began in the early 1800s, a type of American entertainment that depicted and mocked people of African descent through comic skits, a variety of acts, dancing, and music performances. The first minstrel shows were performed by white people that would blacken their faces with shoe polish. These performances would display the derogative qualities of Black people being lazy, ignorant, hypersexual, or thieves. Thomas Dartmouth Rice is known as one of the first people to popularize minstrelsy through his “Jim Crow” character. By the mid-1800s, minstrelsy was booming and quickly became a worldwide phenomenon that an entertainment subindustry was created. Minstrelsy began to receive high disapproval from society, especially the Black community, in the early 1900s during the Civil Rights Movement. However, the toxic art form was not banished entirely from society, but actually used in more subtle ways throughout the entertainment industry. Sources Films Imitation of Life (dir. John Stahl, 1934) Within Our Gates (dir. Oscar Micheaux, 1920) Birth Of A Nation (dir. D.W. Griffith, 1915) Shaft (dir. Gordon Parks, 1971) She’s Gotta Have It (dir. Spike Lee, 1986) School Dazed (dir. Spike Lee, 1988) Tongues Untied (dir. Marlon T. Riggs, 1989) Hollywood Shuffle (dir. Robert Townsend, 1987) Bamboozled (dir. Spike Lee, 2000) Online Blogs/Readings https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok-evolution-digital-blackface/ https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/blackface-birth-american-stereotype https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/# https://melaninislife.com/blogs/lifestyle/80s-black-movies https://davidfwalker.com/12-blaxploitation-movies-that-are-terrible-but-actually-are-blaxploitation/ Scholarly Documents Riggs, Marlon T. “Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a Snap! Queen.” (Black Film Issue). Black American Literature Forum 25.2 (Summer, 1991): 389-395. hooks, bell. “‘whose p***y is this’: a feminist comment.” Reel to Real: Sex and Class at the Movies. New York: Routledge, 1996. 291-302. Harbord, Jack. “Representations of Blackface and Minstrelsy in Twenty-First Century Popular Culture.” School of Arts and Media at the University of Salford. United Kingdom, 2015.140-200. Lott, Eric. “Love and Theft: The Racial Unconscious of Blackface Minstrelsy.” Representations, No. 39, (Summer, 1992): 23-50. Retrieved from https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/media.pdf Rogin, Michael. "Blackface, White Noise: The Jewish Jazz Singer Finds His Voice." Critical Inquiry 18, no. 3 (1992): 417-53. Accessed December 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343811. Black, Ray. "Satire's Cruelest Cut: Exorcising Blackness in Spike Lee's Bamboozled". The Black Scholar, 33:1, 19-24. DOI:10.1080/00064246.2003.11413200