Plan Sea: Ocean Interventions to Address Climate Change

Wil Burns and Anna Madlener

Plan Sea is hosted by Wil Burns, Co-Director of the Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal at American University, and Anna Madlener, Senior Manager for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) at the Carbon to Sea Initiative.  As co-hosts, Wil and Anna invite guests to the podcast each episode to discuss potential ocean-based climate solutions, particularly approaches that lead to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. The podcast scrutinizes risks and benefits of these options, as well as matters of governance, community engagement, ethics, and politics.

  1. May 28

    Indigenous Leaders Fawn Sharp, Francesca Hillery, and Ken Paul on the Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Ocean Climate Solutions

    In this episode of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Carbon to Sea’s Senior Manager for Communications Danny Gawlowski record from Carbon to Sea’s 2026 Annual Convening in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. They sit down with Fawn Sharp, and Francesca Hillery, and Ken Paul for a conversation on Indigenous knowledge systems, ocean climate solutions, and the future of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). In this episode, Anna and Danny explore how Indigenous knowledge can shape ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (oCDR). They’re joined by Indigenous leaders: Ken Paul, former national Director of Fisheries with the Assembly of First Nations, current Principal of Pokiok Associates and member of the Wolastoqey Nation at Neqotkuk; Fawn Sharp, former president of the National Congress of American Indians, former president of the Quinault Indian Nation, and current President of Indigenous Greenhouse Gas Removal Commission; and Francesca Hillery, Director of Programs and Partnerships for Tribal Carbon Solutions and member of the Round Valley Tribes in California, to discuss the importance of meaningful partnership, sovereignty, and Indigenous science in climate innovation. Fawn, Francesca, and Ken reflect on the role of Indigenous knowledge systems in environmental stewardship, emphasizing that these systems are grounded in centuries of observation, ecological understanding, and relationships with the natural world, and paired with cutting-edge scientific capabilities. Sharp emphasizes there is not a one-size-fits-all approach to Indigenous engagement. Instead, meaningful relationships should be collaborative, equitable, and rooted in Indigenous-led science and governance. The conversation also explores the risks of developing oCDR without collaboration with Indigenous communities. Without Indigenous input, Paul and Hillery warn of premature scaling and the commodification of nature. They emphasized the opportunity for Indigenous knowledge to guide and influence this emerging field.   Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: mCDR: marine carbon dioxide removaloCDR: ocean-based carbon dioxide removalOAE: ocean alkalinity enhancementNGO: non-governmental organizationFAO: Food and Agriculture OrganizationUNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationCOP: Conference of the PartiesIPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeGIS: Geographic Information SystemsPlan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1 hr
  2. Apr 2

    Coastal Resilience and oCDR with Carbon Removal Standards Initiative’s Dr. Gabby Kitch and Anu Khan

    In this episode of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Dr. Wil Burns sit down with Dr. Gabby Kitch and Anu Khan from the Carbon Removal Standards Initiative (CRSI) —  a nonprofit organization using science and policy to unlock carbon dioxide removal (CDR) opportunities —  to break down their recently published roadmap, Our Coasts, Resiliency, and Carbon Dioxide Removal. The report identifies three coastal resilience pathways that offer possibility for alignment with ocean-based carbon dioxide removal. Authors of the report, Dr. Kitch and Anu Khan, discuss three types of coastal resilience pathways identified in the roadmap: living shorelines, ecosystem restoration, and stormwater infrastructure. The report explores how these pathways could also offer integrations with carbon removal. The report includes case studies from four coastal states — Louisiana, California, North Carolina, and New Jersey — as well as insights from interviews with more than 40 coastal practitioners. The report authors also explain that 40% of Americans live in coastal counties, making coastal resilience an evolving and necessary field. Across states, resilience infrastructure is expanding, but the authors emphasized that monitoring systems remain underfunded and how permitting processes vary across regions. Integrating CDR, however, can provide an opportunity for assessing its feasibility, standardizing monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV), while also leveraging investments to accelerate learning across the field. This builds on the concept of “sectoral integration,” which reframes CDR as a co-benefit rather than a standalone industry.  Our guests also emphasize the importance of incorporating environmental justice into project design. They spotlight the need for early and meaningful community engagement, co-developing projects for local benefits, using culturally-relevant outreach strategies, and respecting Indigenous rights. Looking ahead, they note that integrated projects are becoming the norm by necessity, and continuing in this trend can position coastal resilience as a case for knowledge sharing across the field.   Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: CEQA: California Environmental Quality ActCPRA: Coastal Protection and Restoration AuthorityCRSI: Carbon Removal Standards Initiative mCDR: Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal MRV: Monitoring, Reporting, and VerificationNOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OAE: Ocean Alkalinity EnhancementPlan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    56 min
  3. Mar 19

    Scientific Communication with COMPASS mCDR Communication Leaders at OSM 2026

    In this special video edition of Plan Sea, host Anna Madlener and Carbon to Sea’s Senior Manager for Communications, Danny Gawlowski, record from the Ocean Sciences Meeting (OSM) in Glasgow, Scotland. They sit down with members of the COMPASS mCDR Communication Leaders program —  Dr. Abigale Wyatt, an ocean modeler from [C]Worthy, Dr. Mariam Swaleh, who leads the Ocean Climate Innovation Hub in Kenya, and Dr. Kohen Bauer, science director at Ocean Networks Canada — to explore what makes science communication effective, where it falls short, and lessons learned for communicating about mCDR research. The Communication Leaders program, sponsored in part by Carbon to Sea, aims to support mCDR experts with the skills to engage with policymakers, media, funders, and local communities, helping them to foster responsible dialogue across the field. Drs. Wyatt, Swaleh, and Bauer shared how — through a series of virtual trainings and a culminating two-day, in-person workshop — participants collaborated on exercises to clarify their audience, utilize accessible language, and practice realistic scenarios through role-playing stakeholder engagements. These exercises helped  build confidence, expose gaps in existing community engagement practices, and approach forums like OSM with a clearer communication lens.  Effective science communication is essential to bridge mCDR researchers and their scientific findings with peers in other fields, decision-makers who influence research permitting and funding, and communities where research is happening. Dr. Bauer framed it as a foundational skill operating as the basis for collaboration and learning. A chemist by trade, Dr. Swaleh emphasized the limits of highly technical jargon and noted that accessible language is key to reaching your audience. Dr. Wyatt first saw the benefits from the personal experience of navigating conversations with climate skeptical family members.  Our guests also discuss challenges in communicating across cultures, different types of stakeholders, highly politicized environments, language barriers, and different levels of scientific literacy. Dr. Swaleh shares part of this difficulty in the way “common” phrases, such as climate change, can experience difficulties in the way they are translated. She recounts how in Kiswahili, the notion of climate change moved from discussing the weather to “patterns of the country.” In this way effective communication requires slowing down, listening first, and building a shared understanding together.  Thank you to everyone who shared their time to join us in-person at OSM in Glasgow, it was an incredibly insightful opportunity to connect, reflect, and learn alongside the field’s global community. To learn more about the COMPASS mCDR Communications Leaders program and the insights Drs. Wyatt, Swaleh, and Bauer shared about how they approach communications across different audiences and contexts, watch or listen to the episode through your preferred podcast service and find the entire series here.  Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: DOR: Direct Ocean RemovalEVs: Electric VehiclesmCDR: Marine Carbon Dioxide RemovalMRV: Monitoring, Reporting, and VerificatiPlan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 1m
  4. Mar 5

    Planeteers’ Frank Rattey and Dr. Thorben Amann on closed-system, alkalinity-based carbon removal

    In this edition of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Wil Burns are joined by Frank Rattey and Dr. Thorben Amann of Planeteers — a Hamburg-based carbon removal startup researching alkalinity-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches — to discuss the science behind their closed-system pathway, their first field tests, and the national regulations guiding ocean-climate research. Dr. Thorben Amann is the Research and Development Lead at Planeteers and a geochemical CDR specialist. In this episode, Thorben explains how Planeteers’ closed-system approach differs from other ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) strategies. Rather than dissolving alkalinity directly in the ocean to drive carbon dioxide uptake, Planeteers combines carbon dioxide from point sources and alkaline feedstock in a closed reactor where it forms stable alkalinity and is then discharged into rivers or oceans.  Thorben walks through the chemistry behind this process and explains how this approach offers advantages for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV). Because inputs and outputs are in a controlled reactor, Thorben asserts it’s easier to conduct monitoring and initial reporting. At the same time, Thorben highlights a key challenge for the field: ensuring the stability of the alkalinity after discharge. For carbon storage to be durable, he explains that the alkalinity must remain equilibrated and stable.  Frank Rattey, Co-Founder and Managing Director of Planeteers, then discusses Project Helix, Planeteers’ first field deployment located at a wastewater treatment plant in Hetlingen, Germany. Validated through the registry Isometric, this first-of-its-kind research project discharges alkalinity-enriched water into the treatment plant’s aquatic system to provide long-term carbon storage.  Noting that Germany is the only country in the world that has translated the London Convention London Protocol into national law, Frank also offers insight into how Planeteers is operating under Germany’s regulatory environment. In order to conduct their field research safely and responsibly, Planeteers cooperates with wastewater treatment plants, construction permits, and regional water authorities in the country. To learn more about Planeteers’ closed-system, alkalinity-based CDR approach, listen to the episode above, subscribe with your favorite podcast service, or find the entire series here.  Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: MRV: monitoring, reporting, verificationCO2: carbon dioxide R&D: research and developmentCDR: carbon dioxide removalOAE: ocean alkalinity enhancementLCA: life cycle analysisEU: European UnionLondon Convention (LC): Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972London Protocol: 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 5m
  5. Feb 19

    Professor Dr. Alexander Proelss on the current state of international legal frameworks regulating oCDR

    In this episode of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Wil Burns sit down with Professor Dr. Alexander Proelss, Chair in the International Law of the Sea and International Environmental Law, Public International Law, and Public Law at the University of Hamburg, to discuss the current state and recent developments of international legal frameworks regulating ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (oCDR). Alexander discusses the need for international law to ensure responsible regulation of oCDR, and offers insight into the relevant international agreements for oCDR research. Alexander joins Anna and Wil to help make sense of the existing international landscape, as well as what they mean for the development and regulation of ocean-climate research. He explains that international law is essential to ensuring responsible development of oCDR — and yet there is no single international treaty governing it.   He explains how the 1972 London Convention and the 1996 London Protocol (LC/LP) — originally designed to regulate the dumping of waste but later adapted to govern marine geoengineering — is the most relevant international framework to date, guiding the ocean-climate field. However, it has had slow progress in listing and regulating oCDR methods such as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). Alexander discusses how today, the LC/LP interacts with the Paris agreement, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the 2023 Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement (BBNJ). He also offers insight into how new legislation in Germany could make the country a "front runner" by implementing the LC/LP, permitting scientific research of several oCDR approaches and marking a significant shift from its previously highly precautionary stance. Alexander also discusses the tendency of international agreements to limit oCDR activities to scientific research and how regulation must balance risk mitigation with harnessing the benefits of oCDR. Looking ahead, he explains how a clear framework for governing commercial activity could help proven oCDR methods grow responsibly.  To learn more about the latest state of international legal frameworks for oCDR, listen to the episode above, subscribe with your favorite podcast service, or find the entire series here.  Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: London Convention (LC): Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972London Protocol: 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972OAE: ocean alkalinity enhancementoCDR: ocean carbon dioxide removalCDR: carbon dioxide removalUNCLOS: UN Convention on the Law of the SeaEEZ: exclusive economic zonesBBNJ: Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement of 2023ICJ: International Court of Justice Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 6m
  6. Feb 5

    Hourglass Climate's Dr. Grace Andrews and Kristi Weighman on the launch of the Framework for Ecotoxicological Modeling of mCDR

    In this episode, hosts Anna Madlener and Wil Burns are joined by Dr. Grace Andrews and Kristi Weighman of Hourglass Climate — a leading nonprofit researching ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (oCDR, also known as mCDR ) methods like ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) — to discuss the launch of the Framework for Ecotoxicological Modeling of mCDR (FEMM). This project explores how ecotoxicological modeling and existing statistical approaches can be applied to OAE and oCDR projects, improving the field’s understanding of these potential climate solutions’ environmental risks. Dr. Andrews and Weighman offer insight into their process building and receiving feedback on FEMM, the framework’s regulatory potential, and how FEMM can be applied across oCDR research.  Dr. Grace Andrews, Founder and Executive Director of Hourglass Climate, now in her tenth year of working in the CDR field, last appeared on Plan Sea in 2024 to discuss Hourglass’ role in advancing monitoring, verification, and reporting (MRV) for OAE. In this episode, she’s joined by Kristi Weighman, an Hourglass scientist with expertise in ecotoxicology. Together, Grace and Kristi discuss how they recognized a critical gap in oCDR research — the lack of tools to monitor and model environmental risk — and developed a first-of-its-kind framework to fill that gap.  Grace explains how our understanding of oCDR’s environmental safety has lagged behind scientific developments in the field. In order to advance these projects in a responsible way, Grace believes that the field needs more rigorous, standardized approaches for modeling and measuring environmental risks.  FEMM aims to address this gap through combining established statistical approaches with emerging modeling techniques, borrowing existing protocols from the ecotoxicology space and applying them to the nuances of oCDR. The framework begins with a screening-level assessment that uses highly conservative assumptions to determine whether a project’s risks can be ruled out. Projects with identified risk may need to redesign aspects of their approach before moving on to more realistic assessment tools. The modeling relies on species sensitivity distributions (SSD) and calculations based on predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). While this SSD approach has been applied to other environmental stressors, this is the first time it’s been applied to oCDR. Grace and Kristi also highlight examples of specific mCDR stressors and conditions where data may be too sparse to fully apply this approach today, and outline research priorities that will enable a standardized approach for these over time. Looking ahead, Grace and Kristi share their optimism about FEMM’s utility for researchers and broader oCDR stakeholders. They hope the tool will enable users to identify potential risk in their proposed projects, integrate cross-disciplinary data, and foster greater regulatory dialogue.  Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. To listen to Dr. Grace Andrew’s first Plan Sea podcast appearance, Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 2m
  7. Jan 22

    Stefano Capello and Sara Groppelli on Limenet’s approach to limestone-based OAE

    In this episode of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Wil Burns sit down with Stefano Capello, CEO and founder of Limenet — an Italian startup focused on limestone-based ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) and net-zero lime production — and Sara Groppelli, a PhD researcher at the University of Milano-Bicocca studying the impact of Limenet’s approach on phytoplankton communities. Stefano discusses Limenet's journey from theoretical experiments in his grandmother’s garage to a pilot plant in Italy that is navigating key, real-world questions around cost efficiency and scale, environmental safety, permits and regulatory pathways, and community engagement. Stefano recounts Limenet’s unconventional beginnings, which started as a prototype research project in his grandmother’s garage, and now operates a pilot facility in southern Italy. Since 2023, Limenet has focused on developing an OAE approach that pre-dissolves limestone alkalinity in reactors and pre-equilibrates seawater with atmospheric CO2 before releasing it back into the ocean. This closed-system approach is designed to reduce scientific uncertainty in alkalinity additions and to minimize risks such as particle sedimentation or unwanted precipitation. Now, Limenet is focused on addressing key questions about how its OAE approach could be scaled. Stefano shares updates on the company’s journey to reduce the energy intensity of its lime production and the associated costs, and how the team is engaging communities and policymakers as they navigate Italy’s regulatory landscape.  The ecological safety of Limenet’s OAE approach are also important to thoroughly evaluate, and Sara shares updates from her research on potential impacts on phytoplankton communities. Sara highlights how controlled alkalinity enhancement appears to have limited ecological disruption when carefully designed. However, long-term and site-specific studies are important to thoroughly understand potential impacts and also co-benefits, such as potential buffering against ocean acidification.  Listen to the full episode to learn more about Limenet’s growth and how the team is approaching important questions around environmental safety, cost and scale, monitoring and evaluation, community engagement, permitting pathways, and more. Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. Subscribe on your preferred podcast platform and find the entire series here. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: CDR: carbon dioxide removalISO: International Organization for StandardizationMRV: monitoring, reporting, and verificationOAE: ocean alkalinity enhancement Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 3m
  8. 12/18/2025

    Researchers Dr. Leila Kittu, Dr.Giulia Faucher, and Dr. Charly Moras discuss Ocean Alk-Align’s global research of OAE safety

    In this episode of Plan Sea, hosts Anna Madlener and Wil Burns sit down with researchers Dr. Leila Kittu, Dr. Giulia Faucher, and Dr. Charly Moras to discuss the latest updates from the Ocean Alk-Align consortium’s exploration of ocean alkalinity enhancement’s (OAE) environmental safety and efficiency. Representing expertise from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research and the University of Hamburg, Leila, Giulia, and Charly join Anna and Wil to share valuable insights on what’s needed for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) and environmental safety assessments. Ocean Alk-Align is dedicated to evaluating the efficacy and durability of carbon uptake and storage;  environmental safety and potential co-benefits; and MRV requirements of various OAE approaches. Leila, Giulia, and Charly discuss how understanding OAE’s efficiency — commonly measured by how many tons of carbon dioxide is removed per ton of material added to the ocean — is incredibly nuanced. The group’s research suggests we must also consider factors such as dilution, sinking, and horizontal mixing when discussing the efficiency of various OAE approaches in different real-world settings. To evaluate OAE’s environmental safety and better understand how scientists can protect living ecosystems without sacrificing efficiency, Leila, Giulia, and Charly discuss mesocosm experiments that were conducted. The team gradually included multiple species of plankton to identify how biological life responds to seawater changes. Mesocosm research is advantageous for breaking down complex problems into manageable pieces — but is limited in terms of scale, duration, and ability to capture higher trophic levels. Looking ahead, the group called for more robust frameworks for environmental safety assessment and thresholds as OAE projects move towards field research. The group argues that the broader benefit of carbon removal seeks to outweigh the potential risk of interfering in delicate ocean environments, and requires careful consideration and standardization across these frameworks. Ocean Alk-Align’s work aims to provide a scientifically-rigorous, informed pathway to weighing this “give and take” decision. Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative and the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal. ACRONYMS/CONCEPTS: OAE: ocean alkalinity enhancementMRV: monitoring, reporting, and verificationmCDR: marine carbon dioxide removalOAE-PIIP: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project Plan Sea is a semi-weekly podcast exploring ocean-based climate solutions, brought to you by the Carbon to Sea Initiative & the American University Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal.

    1h 1m

Ratings & Reviews

5
out of 5
8 Ratings

About

Plan Sea is hosted by Wil Burns, Co-Director of the Institute for Responsible Carbon Removal at American University, and Anna Madlener, Senior Manager for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) at the Carbon to Sea Initiative.  As co-hosts, Wil and Anna invite guests to the podcast each episode to discuss potential ocean-based climate solutions, particularly approaches that lead to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. The podcast scrutinizes risks and benefits of these options, as well as matters of governance, community engagement, ethics, and politics.

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