Mysteries of the Vedas

Caitanya Chandra Dasa

Deep insights and explanations on the Srimad Bhagavatam, Bhagavad-Gita, Vedanta-sutra, Upanisads, and other books that are part of the Vedas. www.ccdas.net

  1. Oct 17

    The 10 topics and 12 cantos of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (6th Canto #01)

    Subscribe to receive new articles by e-mail. It’s free, but if you like, you can pledge a donation: Join the Telegram group if you would like to join the live lessons. This course is maintained with your donations. Click here to donate. 💬 Text of the lesson In his introduction to the first chapter of the Sixth Canto, Prabhupāda describes: “Throughout Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam there are descriptions of ten subject matters, including creation, subsequent creation and the planetary systems. Śukadeva Gosvāmī, the speaker of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, has already described creation, subsequent creation and the planetary systems in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Cantos. Now, in this Sixth Canto, which consists of nineteen chapters, he will describe poṣaṇa, or protection by the Lord.” The Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam deals with ten principal topics. They are listed in text 2.10.1: śrī-śuka uvācaatra sargo visargaś ca, sthānaṁ poṣaṇam ūtayaḥmanvantareśānukathā, nirodho muktir āśrayaḥ “Śrī Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: In the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam there are ten divisions of statements regarding the following: the creation of the universe, subcreation, planetary systems, protection by the Lord, the creative impetus, the change of Manus, the science of God, returning home, back to Godhead, liberation, and the summum bonum.” This is one of the verses where it is important to check the synonyms to get the Sanskrit term for what we are studying. There we find the terms for the ten topics: sargaḥ — statement of the creation of the universe; visargaḥ — statement of subcreation; sthānam — the planetary systems; poṣaṇam — protection; ūtayaḥ — the creative impetus; manvantara — changes of Manus; īśa-anukathāḥ — the science of God; nirodhaḥ — going back home, back to Godhead; muktiḥ — liberation; āśrayaḥ — the summum bonum. These ten separate topics are described in each of the ten cantos. In each canto we find instructions connected with the material creation, the protection of the Lord, descriptions of the qualities of the Lord, the process of devotional service, etc. However, specific cantos are more directly connected with specific topics. Canto 1 (Creation): In his purport to the invocation of he second canto, Prabhupāda describes, “In the First Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the principles of creation are described, and thus the First Canto may be called ‘Creation.’” In this way, the first canto describes the Sarga (creation), but in a particular way: it describes what the ultimate source is. It establishes all the philosophical basis that establishes Kṛṣṇa as the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the source of the material creation and of all incarnations, and the ultimate goal. This is done through the descriptions of the discussions of the sages in Naimiṣāraṇya, Nārada Muni talking with Vyāsadeva, the cursing of Parīkṣit, etc. Canto 2 (The Cosmic Manifestation): In the same purport, Prabhupāda describes: “In the Second Canto, the postcreation cosmic manifestation is described. The different planetary systems are described in the Second Canto as different parts of the universal body of the Lord. For this reason, the Second Canto may be called “The Cosmic Manifestation.” The main topic of the second canto is Visarga (the post-creation, or the manifestation of the cosmos). It explains the manifested universe and its dependence on Kṛṣṇa, focusing on the events early in the history of the universe, with Brahmā awakening on the top of the lotus flower and receiving the darśana of the Lord, his talks with Nārada Muni, and so on. The first two cantos also offer extensive descriptions of all other eight topics, offering a summary of the philosophical content that the later cantos of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam further develop. Canto 3 (The Status Quo): The main topic is Sarga (the creation of the universe). This topic includes the creation of the material elements, including the five elements (fire, water, earth, air, and ether), sound, form, taste, smell, touch, and the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, and mind. This is called sarga, or the primary creation. The main emphasis of the Third Canto is the creation of the elements and the manifestation of the universe, and from there it describes the creation of Brahmā, the manifestation of the material bodies, and the material situation. We can see this topic described both in the initial chapters and later, inside the teachings of Lord Kapila. Some of these discussions were already introduced in the Second Canto, but the Third Canto brings more details. Prabhupāda calls the Third Canto “The Status Quo” because it describes how the universe comes to be, and how it works. What is its real constitution, and what is the condition of the living entities living within it? Canto 4 (The Creation of the Fourth Order): The main topic is Visarga (the sub-creation, or secondary creation. This topic includes the work performed by Lord Brahma in creating the different planets and other structures of the universe, as well as its first inhabitants. This is called the secondary creation because Brahma creates on top of the work done by the Lord in the previous process. Brahma also receives all the knowledge necessary to create the universe from the Lord, building according to instructions given by Him. The Lord is thus the primary creator, and Brahma is the secondary creator. The Fourth Canto is thus focused on the process of populating the universe once it is already formed, through the description of its progenitors and dynasties. This is why it is called “The Creation of the Fourth Order”, discussing the organization of society according to the Varnāśrama system. We study the genealogy of the daughters of Svāyambhuva Manu, the population generated by Dakṣa, the appearance of Pṛthu Maharaja, etc. The climax is the allegory of Purañjana, where the condition of the soul in material illusion is discussed. Canto 5 (The Creative Impetus): The main topic is Sthāna (the planetary systems). This is a discussion about the proper situation for the living entities living on the different planets of the universe, which is to obey the laws of the Lord and be in perfect peace of mind under the protection of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is the canto more directly connected with cosmology. There is the description of the division and management of Bhū-mandala by Priyavrata, and then the detailed description of the universe in the later chapters. What does it have to do with self-realization? The conditioned souls who are illusioned by the external energy and take this material creation as the place for the satisfaction of selfish desires remain in this material world, living under the material laws, and reaping the good and bad results of their actions. That’s why Prabhupāda calls it “The Creative Impetus”, illustrating how the cosmic manifestation drives the souls into continued material activity, life after life. Once this process is understood, our natural tendency is to want to become free of it. We can see that the Fifth Canto ends with the description of the hellish planets, which are an acute example of the suffering nature of conditioned life. This leads Mahārāja Parīkṣit to inquire how souls can become free from such suffering in the Sixth Canto, leading to the description of the glories of the chanting of the holy names. Canto 6 (Prescribed Duties for Mankind): The Sixth Canto focuses on Poṣaṇa, the divine protection of the Lord. The jīvas are called the marginal energy of the Lord because they have free will. They can choose between serving the Lord or trying to be separate enjoyers of the material energy. When one wants to challenge the supremacy of the Lord, he lives under karma and the different material laws, but when a soul desires to surrender, the Lord helps him in all possible ways, so he can go back to his constitutional position, back home, back to Godhead. The Sixth Canto includes the history of Ajāmila, the liberation of Vṛtrāsura, and so on. Prabhupāda calls this canto “Prescribed Duties for Mankind” because it emphasizes the practice of devotional service, which is the original nature and duty of everyone. All the duties prescribed in the Vedas are only secondary. They have the goal of promoting people to this ultimate duty. Canto 7 (The Science of God): The main topic is Ūti, the creative impetus (inclinations motivating action). Every soul has the tendency to act, but this tendency is manifested in different ways, according to the level of material contamination, and can be counteracted by the practice of Krsna Consciousness. The Seventh Canto is almost completely focused on the saga of Hiraṇyakaśipu and Prahlāda Mahārāja, which gives us the perfect example of these two paths. The focus is, naturally, to teach us how to go from one to the other; therefore, Prabhupāda calls it The Science of God. Canto 8 (Withdrawal of the Cosmic Creations): The main topic is Manvantara, describing the reins of the Manus. It describes the administration of the universe across the 14 Manvantaras, with different descriptions of important events in the history of the universe, such as the churning of the milk ocean, the conquests of Bali Mahārāja, etc. It also describes the process of dissolution between these periods, with the inundation at the end of the period of Cākṣuṣa Manu, and the appearance of Matsya. Canto 9 (Liberation): The main topic is Īśānukathā, the science of God. This topic includes the incarnations of the Lord and His different pastimes, alongside the activities of His great devotees. Both the Lord and His devotees descend to various planets in the material world to save the conditioned souls. Hearing about these pastimes can gradually attract us back to the spiritual platform. The Nin

  2. 3d ago

    The friend who never left #1: A Disturbing Book

    « The Friend Who Never Left: A Dialog on the “Fall” of the Jīva You can receive new articles directly in your inbox. Subscription is free; donations are welcome. Chapter One: A Disturbing Book Mādhava Dāsa had started practicing Kṛṣṇa consciousness a few years before. He got a Bhagavad-gītā from a devotee who had since passed away. He still remembers it: he was walking to university when Sarasvatī stopped him with a clever question: “You’re a university student, right? Check this out. It discusses a question universities are very good at avoiding: you say ‘my head,’ ‘my hand,’ ‘my body,’ ‘my brain’—so who is the ‘I’ that owns all these things?” He read the whole book in just a few days and then other books from Prabhupāda. From them, he understood that the soul is the eternal servant of Kṛṣṇa, that love for Kṛṣṇa is eternally present, even though covered, and must be awakened by the process of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He understood that material existence is a condition of forgetfulness, in which we identify with the body and mind and try to enjoy matter independently of Kṛṣṇa. The purpose of devotional service, thus, is to revive this original Kṛṣṇa consciousness and thus revive our eternal relationship with Him. These teachings seemed clear to Mādhava; he never had a reason to doubt them. With this conviction, he was waking up early every day to chant his rounds and study the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam before going to university. Gaurāṅga Dāsa, his mentor, an elderly, experienced devotee, had taught him that we should offer everything best we have to Kṛṣṇa, and this includes the best hours of the day, early in the morning. That’s when the brain is fresh, and we can think clearly. Just as water is clear when appearing from the spring, he said, the mind is clear in the early morning. However, after being affected by so many thoughts and images during the day, it becomes murky, like the river that crosses the town. By following this, Mādhava was noticing the difference day by day. One day, he was discussing some points about the soul coming in contact with matter with another devotee he met online. For him, these points were clear, but to his surprise, the devotee disagreed strongly. He sent him a book discussing the origin of the jīva. In the book, the authors quoted from Jīva Gosvāmī, Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura, Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, and other ācāryas, analyzing Sanskrit terms and supporting their conclusions with many scriptural references. What Mādhava understood from their argument, however, surprised him: the conditioned souls were never with Kṛṣṇa. Material bondage is anādi, without beginning, since no one can fall from Vaikuṇṭha. The authors maintained that these conclusions represented the teachings of the previous ācāryas, the proper siddhānta. As Mādhava continued reading, several doubts arose. If material bondage is anādi, does it mean the soul had never turned away from Kṛṣṇa, that we were simply always here in the material world? And if that’s the case, then how could the soul be at all connected with Kṛṣṇa? He remembered that Mahāprabhu says that Kṛṣṇa-prema is nitya-siddha, eternally established in the heart, and that Prabhupāda explained that this love for Kṛṣṇa, which is already present in the heart, has simply to be awakened. If the soul has never been with Kṛṣṇa, as the book claims, then what exactly was forgotten, and to what original position are we supposed to return? More troubling, however, was the authors’ explanation of Prabhupāda’s teachings. They argued that Prabhupāda’s explanations of the soul having been originally with Kṛṣṇa and somehow forgetting Him were just a preaching strategy and should not be accepted literally. According to them, the deeper philosophical meaning is found in the writings of the previous ācāryas. Mādhava found this point difficult to accept. He had learned that spiritual knowledge descends through paramparā, coming from a perfect source and being passed down as it is, link after link. This makes it different from the scientific knowledge he studied at university, where theories were constantly evolving and changing. The book, however, seemed to use a scholarly interpretation of earlier authorities to determine which statements of Prabhupāda should be accepted and which should be rejected. Mādhava did not know how to resolve these contradictions. The arguments of the book appeared convincing, but they conflicted with many conclusions he had received from the books of Śrīla Prabhupāda. The arguments themselves, however, were based on the words of the previous ācāryas, which he could not dismiss. He could never say Jīva Gosvāmī, Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura or Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa were wrong, but he also could not accept that Prabhupāda had repeatedly taught something contrary to their conclusions. The next morning, he felt drained. He chanted his rounds somehow, but mechanically, with no taste. For the first time in months, chanting seemed like a chore he had to finish, and not something he enjoyed. He looked at the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam but felt no desire to open it. Then, something crossed his mind: Gaurāṅga Dāsa also woke up early every day, and he did not live very far. Maybe he could just visit him and ask. He had studied both Prabhupāda’s books and the teachings of the previous ācāryas for several decades. If there were contradictions there, he must have noticed them. Mādhava put his tablet with the book in his backpack and sped off on his bicycle. Next: Contradictory Teachings » Read the entire book:The Friend Who Never Left, A Dialog on the “Fall” of the Jīva This is a publication for thoughtful readers who want to go deeper into Kṛṣṇa consciousness. I publish daily, trying to offer high-quality spiritual content, and all posts are available to free subscribers. If you wish, you can support this work with a monthly contribution. When you subscribe, you can choose between a free subscription and a monthly contribution, and you can switch from a free subscriber to a supporter at any time. Subscribe to receive new posts by email: You can also receive updates on WhatsApp or Telegram. If you would like to contribute further, you can find the donation links here. Get full access to Mysteries of the Vedas at www.ccdas.net/subscribe

  3. Oct 4

    Hell in the Vedas: a description of the realm of Yamaraja (5th Canto #37)

    Subscribe to receive new articles by e-mail. It’s free, but if you like, you can pledge a donation: Join the Telegram group if you would like to join the live lessons. This course is maintained with your donations. Click here to donate. 💬 Text of the lesson The hellish planets The descriptions of hell in the Fifth Canto are another difficult passage of the text. At first, the punishments described may appear barbaric or disproportionate, but it makes more sense when we understand that they are punishments for specific types of sins. Just as in modern judicial systems, the punishment for a crime has to be significant to discourage people from committing it. If the punishment for stealing were just a small fine, every dishonest person would steal, calculating that if caught, the consequence would be minimal. If instead the punishment for stealing is 10 years in prison, people will think twice. In Vedic culture, people would know their duties and would also hear descriptions of the punishments for performing grossly immoral acts, and thus would learn to avoid them, understanding the consequences. It is not difficult to understand that one who kills animals or seduces the wives of others will have to face consequences for that. The greatest risk of modern life is exactly that, because atheistic philosophies are so popular and even established religions more often than not fail to alert their followers to the dangers of animal cruelty and other activities, people are clueless about the consequences of their habits and thus risk falling into very painful situations after death. There is a phenomenon studied in modern medicine called terminal restlessness, or terminal agitation. People who are about to die commonly become restless, complain about seeing frightening figures and animals in corners or floating around the bed, and even being bound by them, visions that provoke great panic. From the description of the scriptures, we can understand that these are visions of the Yamadūtas preparing to take the soul. The visions usually start a few days before one passes away, and continue until one falls unconscious. Doctors and nurses are trained to deal with these episodes using sedatives, and in this way they just put a person to sleep, trying to create the illusion of a peaceful death. This, however, does nothing to solve the underlying problem. Even if the physical body is put to sleep, one continues to experience the same in the subtle body. Devotees who have the opportunity of being with relatives and other people in such a situation describe great improvement when they chant the holy names and give the dying person Tulasi, garlands from deities, and so on. This all matches the description of the protective power of the holy names and sacred items. Being engaged in hearing and chanting the holy names is the best way to save oneself from the Yamadūtas, even at the last moment, as described in the history of Ajāmila. Just as in the case of the general cosmological model of the Vedas, hearing these descriptions can help people to escape from the dangerous path of atheism. By understanding the consequences of their acts, people gain the opportunity to take a different path. “King Parīkṣit inquired from Śukadeva Gosvāmī: My dear sir, why are the living entities put into different material situations? Kindly explain this to me. The great sage Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: My dear King, in this material world there are three kinds of activities — those in the mode of goodness, the mode of passion and the mode of ignorance. Because all people are influenced by the three modes of material nature, the results of their activities are also divided into three. One who acts in the mode of goodness is religious and happy, one who acts in passion achieves mixed misery and happiness, and one who acts under the influence of ignorance is always unhappy and lives like an animal. Because of the varying degrees to which the living entities are influenced by the different modes of nature, their destinations are also of different varieties.” (SB 5.26.1-2) In Western culture, people have in general an aversion to the idea of hell, perhaps due to Christianity having abused this idea for centuries. Even people who are religious often prefer to believe that people just go to heaven or that we immediately reincarnate, without passing through any form of judgment. However, the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam describes in detail the activities of Yamarāja and his servants, as well as the hellish worlds with which they punish the sinful. Prabhupāda explains the basic rationale in his purport to text five: “The conditioned souls, who have come to this material world for sense gratification, are allowed to enjoy their senses under certain regulative principles. If they violate these regulations, they are judged and punished by Yamarāja. He brings them to the hellish planets and properly chastises them to bring them back to Kṛṣṇa consciousness. By the influence of māyā, however, the conditioned souls remain infatuated with the mode of ignorance. Thus in spite of repeated punishment by Yamarāja, they do not come to their senses, but continue to live within the material condition, committing sinful activities again and again.” We don’t live alone in the world. When our actions are not properly directed, we can create a lot of pain to others. Just as people who commit crimes are sent to jail, souls who commit serious sins are sent to hell for some time to be punished for them and thus corrected. The mistake in Christianity is the belief in hell as a place of eternal damnation, instead of a correctional facility. Such hellish planets are part of the universal model described in the Bhāgavatam and part of the experience of conditioned souls in this world. They are thus included by Śukadeva Gosvāmi in his description of the universe, opening the door for Maharaja Parīkṣit to question how people can become free from such torments, leading, in turn, to the description of the pastime of Ajāmila in the beginning of the Sixty Canto, which emphasizes the potency of the holy names. Because of their devotional service, devotees are escorted to their next bodies (be it spiritual or material) by the Viṣṇudutas. This is also described in the Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta (2.3.85-91): “Śrī Gaṇeśa said: These are associates of the ruler of Vaikuṇṭha, the Supreme Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. They have attained bodily forms similar to His and have come here from Vaikuṇṭha itself. Just see these other Vaikuṇṭha companions of the Lord, traveling in this small universe ruled by four-headed Brahmā. And further away those others, moving swiftly in the universe of an eight-headed Brahmā, a world twice as large. And those others in the world of a Brahmā with sixteen heads, a world twice as large again. In this way Gaṇeśa showed me many Vaikuṇṭha companions of the Lord traveling with ease in the millions and billions of universes of multitudes of huge Brahmās, who had millions and billions of lotus faces. The Vaikuṇṭha devotees, attractive to the eyes and mind, all had suitable bodies and were suitably equipped for the universes they were visiting. Śrī Gaṇeśa continued: These persons cherish only devotional service to the Lord. They travel as they please, spreading pure devotion everywhere. They save the Lord’s devotees from all fears, even at the time of death, if those devotees have but once had even a reflection of the Lord’s name on the tip of their tongues or the path to their ears.” As Śrila Haridāsa Thākura explains, even chanting on the stage of Nāmābhāsa is capable of destroying one’s sins and bringing a person to the liberated platform, where there is no question of meeting the Yamadūtas. The history of Ajāmila, narrated in the 6th canto of Śrīmad Bhāgavatam, is a graphic illustration of how one can be saved from hell even by chanting at the last moment. Because Ajāmila was so sinful, the Yamadūtas were prepared to bring him to hell, but at the moment they started snatching the soul from the body using their subtle ropes, the Viṣṇudūtas appeared carrying weapons and ordered them to release Ajāmila, or else. It happened that Ajāmila destroyed all his karma by desperately chanting the name of Narāyana at the last moment. Even though he chanted to call his son (and not directly addressing Lord Narāyana), because he chanted in full concentration, it was sufficient to free him from all his past sinful activities. By the time the Yamadūtas started taking the soul out of the body, he was indeed an innocent man, and thus the Viṣṇudūtas immediately appeared to protect him. What about the souls who are not so fortunate? How is the severity of the punishment one will receive in hell determined? Śukadeva Gosvāmi explains that it is determined according to one’s individual consciousness. Those who commit sins due to madness receive the least punishment. Those who know the difference between right and wrong, but still commit sins due to weakness, receive moderate punishment, but those who are stubborn atheists, consciously willing to commit sins and deluding themselves with the idea that there is no God, receive the most severe punishment. This is explained in the next verse: “Just as by executing various pious activities one achieves different positions in heavenly life, by acting impiously one achieves different positions in hellish life. Those who are activated by the material mode of ignorance engage in impious activities, and according to the extent of their ignorance, they are placed in different grades of hellish life. If one acts in the mode of ignorance because of madness, his resulting misery is the least severe. One who acts impiously but knows the distinction between pious and impious activities is placed in a hell of intermediate severity. And fo

  4. Oct 3

    Kṛṣṇa in His destructive form

    Prefer listening? There is my narration of the article. ⤴️ You can receive new articles directly in your inbox. Subscription is free; donations are welcome. Kṛṣṇa showing His universal form to Arjuna is one of the most intriguing passages of the Bhagavad-gītā. We normally think of Kṛṣṇa as the beautiful Supreme Personality of Godhead, the enchanting youth who plays the flute and performs so many wonderful pastimes. In the Gītā, however, He shows an aspect so terrifying that even Arjuna, His intimate friend, became disturbed. “Arjuna saw in that universal form unlimited mouths, unlimited eyes, unlimited wonderful visions. The form was decorated with many celestial ornaments and bore many divine upraised weapons. He wore celestial garlands and garments, and many divine scents were smeared over His body. All was wondrous, brilliant, unlimited, all-expanding. If hundreds of thousands of suns were to rise at once into the sky, their radiance might resemble the effulgence of the Supreme Person in that universal form.” Soon, he started offering prayers: “O Lord of lords, O refuge of the worlds, please be gracious to me. I cannot keep my balance seeing thus Your blazing deathlike faces and awful teeth. In all directions I am bewildered. All the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, along with their allied kings, and Bhīṣma, Droṇa, Karṇa – and our chief soldiers also – are rushing into Your fearful mouths. And some I see trapped with heads smashed between Your teeth. As the many waves of the rivers flow into the ocean, so do all these great warriors enter blazing into Your mouths. I see all people rushing full speed into Your mouths, as moths dash to destruction in a blazing fire. O Viṣṇu, I see You devouring all people from all sides with Your flaming mouths. Covering all the universe with Your effulgence, You are manifest with terrible, scorching rays. O Lord of lords, so fierce of form, please tell me who You are. I offer my obeisances unto You; please be gracious to me. You are the primal Lord. I want to know about You, for I do not know what Your mission is.” How to understand such a terrifying aspect of Kṛṣṇa? The universal form shown to Arjuna is not just a vision of the physical universe; it includes Kṛṣṇa’s presence inside of it, and the action of all His different potencies involved in the cosmic affairs. One of these potencies is kāla, time. Kāla is the main force behind the cosmic creation; it is counted by Lord Kapila as one of the material elements, even though it has no physical form. Material time is divided into past, present, and future, and the universal form revealed all. Arjuna could thus see not only the present arrangement of the universe, but also future events. He could thus see the terrible battle that was coming, and how most soldiers on both sides would fall in battle. An ordinary person could see a warrior being killed by an arrow, or by the blunt strike of a mace, but Arjuna could see the underlying cause, the influence of time itself. He thus saw these warriors being devoured by the numberless mouths of the universal form, some of them crushed between their teeth. This vision was terrifying, even for a great warrior like him, who was used to facing danger and seeing the horrors of battle. One could put forward the question of free will. If the future is already fixed, does it mean we don’t have a choice? That’s not the case. Duryodhana had choices at many points. He could have stopped the cheating in the gambling match at any step, or avoided trapping the Pāṇḍavas in it in the first place. He could have stopped Duḥśāsana from grabbing Draupadī by the hair; he could have intervened when Karṇa offended her. He could have given back the kingdom to Yudhiṣṭhira at any point during their exile and begged forgiveness; he could have accepted the many peace proposals before the battle, or even surrendered his forces on the battlefield. On all of these occasions, he remained resolute in his inimical attitude against Kṛṣṇa’s pure devotees, and this sealed his destiny. All the other Kauravas who were involved would also share the same destiny. Not even Bhīṣma and Droṇa, the two most experienced commanders, could save him. Similarly, every human being has many choices during his life. Many aspects of our lives are fixed, such as our position of birth, general nature, and many events we are supposed to face during our lives due to karmic results, but many others can be changed or avoided according to the path we take. Time affects everyone, and everyone has to eventually face death, but the relationship of a pure devotee with death is very different from that of a materialist. Prabhupāda gives an example: a cat carries both her kittens and mice in her mouth. For the mouse, the cat’s grasp is terrifying, while for the kittens it is simply Mom moving them to a new place. More than that, any person, at any stage of his life, can choose to surrender to Kṛṣṇa and put an end to his material existence. Material life is not Kṛṣṇa’s idea; it is our own determination that keeps us entrapped in it. We can choose between remaining obstinate like Duryodhana and being crushed by the influence of time, or surrendering to Kṛṣṇa like Arjuna and regaining our original eternal and blissful nature, away from the material bewilderment. The example used by Arjuna of moths entering into a fire is very instructive. Moths have a predisposition to go in the direction of light, and thus when they see a fire burning at night, they are attracted by it and rush into it without understanding that this brings death. Similarly, we have an inclination to seek pleasure, but when ignorance makes us seek pleasure in irreligion, we are attracted to the fire of material energy, which consumes us in the form of time. Our life passes in a moment, and by the time we realize it, we are already in the jaws of death. There is nothing apart from Kṛṣṇa, and therefore no one can live independently from Him. As He mentions, “There is no truth superior to Me. Everything rests upon Me, as pearls are strung on a thread.” We are always connected to Kṛṣṇa through His different aspects. A devotee chooses to interact with Kṛṣṇa in His beautiful aspect as Govinda, playing blissful pastimes with His devotees in Vṛndāvana, while a materialist chooses the path of material illusion, which brings him to Kṛṣṇa’s terrifying aspect as time and death. Time I am After Arjuna offered his prayers, Kṛṣṇa, as the universal form, answers: “Time I am, the great destroyer of the worlds, and I have come here to destroy all people. With the exception of you [the Pāṇḍavas], all the soldiers here on both sides will be slain. Therefore get up. Prepare to fight and win glory. Conquer your enemies and enjoy a flourishing kingdom. They are already put to death by My arrangement, and you, O Savyasācī, can be but an instrument in the fight.” When Kṛṣṇa personally comes, all the different forms of Viṣṇu and His different potencies all merge into His body. In some passages of the Bhagavad-gītā, Kṛṣṇa speaks as Paramātmā, or another particular form. Here He speaks as Kāla, the all-devouring time. What is His purpose? Lokān samāhartum iha pravṛttaḥ – “I have come here to destroy all people.” Everything that is material changes. The process of change starts with birth, and the final change is death. As long as we are not prepared to accept our original nature as pure souls, we are forced to accept one temporary material identity after another. As soon as we accept a material body, death is certain. Time is just the potency that coordinates this process. This is ultimately His mercy, allowing us to start again multiple times, until we finally can get it right and re-attain our original spiritual consciousness. Through this process of birth and death in different forms of life, the Lord gradually coaches us into returning to our original consciousness. One could argue that Kṛṣṇa could simply kill all the opposing soldiers using His inconceivable potency, just as He killed so many demons. That would not be a problem. Why then did He organize such a complex arrangement for Arjuna to fight? Because He wanted Arjuna to take the credit. That’s Kṛṣṇa’s nature: although He is so powerful, and the maintainer of everything, He likes to give the credit to His devotee. This also illustrates our own situation. When Mahāprabhu appeared 500 years ago, He spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over India. He could have taken the whole world; He is all-powerful, but He left this part for us, so we can have the opportunity of serving Him. Just as many books were written mentioning devotees who took part in Caitanya Mahāprabhu’s movement at that time, and their accomplishments, in the future books will be written about the achievements of devotees of our times. In the same way that devotees who took part in the original pastimes were accepted as His associates and joined His eternal līlā, we also have the same opportunity, through the same arrangement offered to Arjuna. We simply have to become instruments in the fight. Kṛṣṇa already has an arrangement for bringing us back to Godhead, and for using us as instruments for bringing other people to Him. Our mission is to stop fighting against His arrangement, and instead take part in it. Kṛṣṇa addressing Arjuna as Savya-sācī (one who can shoot arrows very expertly) is also significant. Arjuna is an expert warrior, but this empowerment comes from Kṛṣṇa. He thus received a difficult mission from Kṛṣṇa, fighting Bhiṣma, Drona, and all the powerful Kuru warriors, but also received a great power to do so. Similarly, any devotee who surrenders to Kṛṣṇa and agrees to act according to His plan can be similarly empowered.

  5. Oct 1

    What prevents us from being loved

    Prefer listening? There is my narration of the article. ⤴️ You can receive new articles directly in your inbox. Subscription is free; donations are welcome. Everyone wants to be loved for who they are. But here is a problem: Often, what we call “who I am” is exactly what prevents other people from loving us. Without realizing it, we often develop qualities and patterns of behavior that push others away, while at the same time becoming more and more attached to them as part of our identity. We then have a problem: we want to be loved for something that is not actually who we are. Everyone aspires from being loved. This is not just something we are taught but an intrinsic need of the soul. There is, however, something that gets in the way of obtaining this love we aspire for, and that’s our ego. Everyone wants to be loved for whom he or she is. There, however, a very perverse mechanism active here: frequently, what we think we are, or what we identify with is not what we really are, and this often ruins everything. Ultimately, as souls, we are full of bliss, knowledge and eternity. This also includes qualities like beauty, wealth, etc. Kṛṣṇa has 64 principal qualities, and most of them also manifest in the individual soul. In our original nature, we have peacefulness, simplicity, control of the senses, equilibrium of the mind, equality, forbearance, placidity, knowledge, detachment, opulence, memory, luster, patience, kind-heartedness, etc. The list is long. It is said that pure devotees are loved by everyone. Why? Because they directly exhibit these qualities, being connected with their original nature as souls. Sometimes a pure devotee may be envied by a materialist, especially when he or she tries to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness, but these are exceptions. More than that, the transcendental qualities of a pure devotee attract other pure devotees and Kṛṣṇa Himself. In truth, Kṛṣṇa loves everyone, and He maintains everyone, even materialists. There is, however, a difference between Kṛṣṇa’s love as the maintainer and the personal relationship with Him that pure devotees attain. This also explains why pure devotees often show disinterest in ordinary relationships: they stop depending on mundane relationships for fulfillment because they are already connected with the Supreme Person, the source of all relationships. What prevents us from also exhibiting the same qualities? That’s our contaminated material nature and the false ego that makes us identify with it. The material conditioned nature appears from forgetting our original nature as a soul. The more I become involved with materialistic activities, bad habits, etc. the more this original nature is replaced by lust, anger, material hankering, a tendency to cheat or exploit others, selfishness, etc. The false ego then makes me look to this contaminated identity and identify with it. Suddenly, this becomes what I am, and when my natural propensity to be loved is mistakenly applied to it, I have a problem. Let’s say, for example that by identifying with a certain ideology, I end up developing pride, harshness, selfishness and uncontrolled behavior. False ego then transforms these acquired tendencies into an identity: “This is simply who I am.” Then comes the second step: “If you really love me, you must accept me exactly as I am.” We can see that the problem here is that a person demands that others accept not one’s real identity as a soul, but one’s conditioning. Any criticism of the conditioning is then interpreted as rejection of the person. The desire for being loved is perfectly natural, the problem is that the false ego misapply it and makes it unrealistic. The tragic part is that even if I find some person who is attracted to this conditioned nature, the love is not directed to me in the real sense, it simply goes to this conditioned nature I identify with. For example, a man may identify with his car or his money and find a lady who is attracted to these things. Does it mean he found love? Identifying with our real nature as a pure soul solves both problems. Not only does it help me to show positive qualities, but it also makes me more capable of forming relationships based on genuine qualities rather than artificial identities. Even materially speaking, anyone will be prone to love someone who is truthful, intelligent, grateful, determined, self-controlled, forgiving, compassionate, respectful, gentle, generous, happy, pure, loving, etc. However, it becomes much harder when a person is dishonest, foolish, ungrateful, uncontrolled, unforgiving, disrespectful, harsh, selfish, envious, unstable, impure, hateful, etc. When we examine from this perspective, we can easily see that materialistic habits and material ego make us develop and identify with the wrong set of qualities. We can see many going in this direction in social networks, for example, and often the most successful people in these niches are the most lonely. Why? Because social media often rewards qualities that are useful for attracting attention but destructive for maintaining relationships. Narcissism, outrage, ridicule, self-display, conflict, etc. are excellent to attract likes and comments but extremely destructive for real relationships. This exposes the central problem in these platforms: attention is equated with success, but the qualities that attract attention are not the same qualities that attract love. In this way, the best way to be loved is to simply learn to be what we are, not in the crude material sense, but in the highest sense, as a pure soul. As we practice the spiritual process, work on our bad habits, and so on, the natural qualities of the soul become again visible. One could, however, argue that it is not so easy. Many try, but to become a pure devotee, a pure soul is not so simple. We have a lot of accumulated baggage, and it is difficult to leave everything behind. One may become pure after a long time of practice, but for most, that’s not achievable in the short term. What to do in this case? There is something else that serves as an intermediate step. That’s a system created by Kṛṣṇa that allows us to gradually elevate ourselves. What is it? That’s the essence of the Vedic social system, something that people were practicing for millions of years before the start of the unfortunate age of Kali we are currently in. The idea is to first identify with the positive qualities of the material identity we currently have and from there gradually work in the direction of rediscovering our original qualities as a soul. Because bodily identification cannot ordinarily be eliminated immediately, the Vedic system works in regulating and purifying it. This gives us a foundation we can stand on. The current material identity I have now, as a man, a woman, an intellectual, a manager, a businessman, a worker, etc. is not accidental. It is the result of my desires and actions in previous lives. I obtained my current material nature because I somehow identified with it in previous lives. What the scriptures thus recommend is to not reject it immediately but instead work on developing it positively. If one is man, for example, one can work on developing positive male qualities, becoming strong, courageous, disciplined, responsible, dependable, protective, etc. Similarly, if one is a woman, one can work on developing positive female characteristics, such as being gentle, nurturing, compassionate, graceful, affectionate, patient, etc. Courage, protectiveness, etc. are also present in exalted women, just as gentleness, gracefulness, etc. are also present in exalted men, the point is just emphasis. Positive male characteristics help one to become a good husband, father, son, etc. and to be loved and respected in these roles. One still has to be smart enough to select a good spouse, and so on, but the good qualities are the basic engine for success in all these relationships. Similarly, positive feminine qualities allow a lady to be a good wife, mother, daughter, etc. and be loved in all these roles. We still have to be smart enough to avoid negative situations and establish relationships with the right people, but good qualities make us capable of sustaining healthy loving relationships, while bad qualities progressively destroy that capacity. In general, this is the path for receiving love in the material sphere, and from this foundation one can have the peace of mind to successfully practice the spiritual process and gradually reconnect with the original set of qualities as a pure soul. If, on the opposite, we prefer to remain selfish and self-indulgent, we may end up becoming undisciplined, irresponsible, unreliable, selfish, harsh, impatient, disloyal, uncontrolled, cold, dishonest, arrogant, etc. The basic process of material identification is the same in both cases; the point is in which direction we chose to go. Whatever tendencies we identify with and cultivate become stronger, but the consequences of cultivating virtues and vices are very different. We want to be loved for who we are, this is natural; the problem is the false identification. Spiritual progress consists precisely in understanding that much of what we currently call “who I am” is not actually who we are. We don’t have to reject ourselves, we have to reject the idea that material defects are part of our nature. There is also a final point: love requires not only possessing positive qualities but also having the capacity to love. Here we come to another paradox: In material consciousness, we usually ask, “Who will love me?” This attitude, however, often brings people who are interested in using us to find personal satisfaction. In spiritual consciousness, this changes to “Whom can I love and serve?” Paradoxically as it may appear, this is what brings us to real loving relationships. As we stop organizing our lives a

  6. Sep 27

    Kṛṣṇa’s indecipherable opulences

    ⤴️ There is a narration of the article in my voice. You have the option to hear it instead of reading. You can receive new articles directly in your inbox. Subscription is free; donations are welcome. In the tenth chapter of the Gītā, Kṛṣṇa describes His vibhūtis, or divine opulences. The purpose of these descriptions is not to give us a catalog of cosmic manifestations but to teach us to see Kṛṣṇa behind all wonderful manifestations. When we learn to see Kṛṣṇa behind all attractive manifestations and objects, the vision of the world starts bringing us closer to Kṛṣṇa, instead of distracting us from Him. Some of the manifestations Kṛṣṇa mentions are easy to understand. Of immovable things, He is the Himālayas, and of vibrations, He is the transcendental oṁ. However, other manifestations can be difficult to explain. In this article, we will try to answer some of the questions you may have while reading it. What does “I am” mean? While describing His opulences, Kṛṣṇa identifies Himself with each one of them with the expression “I am.” We can understand that Kṛṣṇa is Viṣnu, but Kṛṣṇa being the lion or the shark may sound confusing. The point is that Kṛṣṇa’s “I am” for each manifestation does not imply the same type of relationship in every case. Sometimes the manifestation is an extraordinary living entity like Airāvata, sometimes an empowered incarnation, as in the case of Nārada Muni or the four Kumāras, and sometimes it is a direct incarnation, as in the case of Kapila and Vāmanadeva. The common point is, therefore, not that all these manifestations belong to the same exact category, but that they manifest Kṛṣṇa’s opulence in different ways. Nārada, Prahlāda and Garuḍa Nārada is supreme among the great sages and demigods because of his exceptional quality of devotional service. While most of the other empowered beings are mentioned because of exceptional material qualities, Nārada is mentioned because of his extraordinary potency in giving Kṛṣṇa consciousness to others. Wherever he goes, knowledge of Kṛṣṇa and devotional service follows. Nārada can enter the life of a materially conditioned person like Mṛgāri or Prācīnabarhi and redirect their whole existence toward Kṛṣṇa. Prahlāda is supreme among the demons because of his extraordinary steadfastness in devotion to Kṛṣṇa, while Garuḍa is supreme among birds because of his service as the carrier of Lord Viṣṇu. Their excellence is thus not measured by material power, but by their extraordinary devotion and service to the Lord. Why is Kṛṣṇa the thunderbolt? The meaning of Kṛṣṇa as the thunderbolt among weapons is explained in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. After the demigods were defeated by Vṛtrāsura, they approached Lord Viṣṇu and begged for assistance in defeating the demon. The Lord instructed them to beg the great sage Dadhyañca to give them his body, and fashion a weapon from his bones, guaranteeing that the weapon would be augmented by His own power. Dadhyañca, in an unprecedented act of renunciation, entered samādhi and left his body, so the demigods could use it. This weapon, wielded by Indra, was thus empowered by both the great austerities of Dadhyañca and the power of the Lord. Why does Kṛṣṇa say He is sexual desire? Kṛṣṇa mentions prajanaś cāsmi kandarpaḥ – “Of causes for procreation I am Kandarpa.” Kandarpa, or Cupid, is the demigod of sensual desire, who shoots his arrows, awakening the senses in a practically irresistible way. Prabhupāda, however, connects it with text 7.11, where Kṛṣṇa mentions that “I am sex life which is not contrary to religious principles.” This adds an important qualification: Cupid represents Kṛṣṇa as a force, but not all sexual desire is a representation of Kṛṣṇa. He becomes prominent only when sexual desire is properly directed to the generation of good children, meant to be educated in Kṛṣṇa consciousness. In other contexts, sexual desire is just part of the material illusion. There is yet another meaning. Kandarpa is a manifestation of Kṛṣṇa’s energy, but Kṛṣṇa is the controller of the energy itself, and therefore can protect His devotees from his attraction. Why the wind among purifiers, and not the fire? In text 10.31, one could ask why Kṛṣṇa identifies Himself as the wind among purifiers. Why not fire? One point is that He already mentioned fire in text 10.23. Among the Vasus, He is Agni, the presiding deity of fire. There is also another small point raised by both Viśvanātha and Baladeva in their commentaries. The exact word Kṛṣṇa uses is pavatām. Both ācāryas explain this expression in two senses: those that purify and those that move swiftly. The broader meaning would thus be “Of purifiers and things that move swiftly, I am the wind.” Taken in this way, the connection with the wind appears more natural. “Rāma” means Rāmacandra or Paraśurāma? When Kṛṣṇa mentions “of the wielders of weapons I am Rāma,” the mental image many will have is of Rāma as Lord Rāmacandra. There is, however, another Rāma mentioned in the scriptures as an incarnation: Paraśurāma. This is an example of a small detail where the ācāryas appear to disagree. Śrīdhara Svāmī mentions in his commentary: rāmo dāśarathiḥ, yad vā rāmaḥ paraśurāmaḥ – “Rāma means the son of Daśaratha; alternatively, Paraśurāma.” Viśvanātha Cakravartī, on the other hand, identifies Rāma as Paraśurāma, adding that Paraśurāma’s status as a specially empowered jīva (śaktyāveśa) makes him particularly appropriate to be technically classified as a vibhūti. Small, apparent disagreements like these are frequent, and do not mean one is right and the other is wrong; they simply mean that the two ācāryas are raising points that are simultaneously correct. Both Rāma and Paraśurāma are incarnations of Kṛṣṇa. Rāmacandra is a direct incarnation, while Paraśurāma is a śaktyāveśa, a jīva invested with Kṛṣṇa’s power. Viśvanātha, however, makes the point that Paraśurāma can very appropriately be counted as a vibhūti, maintaining the main thread of the chapter. He mentions. This doesn’t invalidate the other point. Both ācāryas are correct; our duty is simply to understand how. Why the Ganges and not the Yamunā? Another question may arise from the connection with the Ganges. Why does Kṛṣṇa declare that among the flowing rivers, He is the Ganges? Why not the Yamunā? The first point is that the importance of the Ganges should not be minimized. Gangā appears when the Lord, as Vāmanadeva, pierces the covering of the universe with His foot, opening a crack in it, through which the spiritual water from the Causal Ocean flows inside. This water directly bathes the lotus feet of the Lord, and then flows throughout the universe, falling upon the head of Lord Śiva and then passing through Dhruvaloka, the planets of the great sages, Candraloka, and so on before reaching our planet. Having washed the lotus feet of the Lord, this water sanctifies these different regions as it descends. In his purport to SB 1.19.6, Prabhupāda mentions that the Yamunā is even more directly connected with Kṛṣṇa, because He came into contact with the river much more extensively during His earthly pastimes. He, however, concludes with a point that can help us to reconcile the two statements. He mentions that “According to the Varāha Purāṇa, as quoted by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī, there is no difference between the water of the Ganges and the Yamunā, but when the water of the Ganges is sanctified one hundred times, it is called the Yamunā.” In this way, when Kṛṣṇa mentions “of flowing rivers I am the Ganges,” this does not exclude the Yamunā. Both are spiritual and connected with Kṛṣṇa, but they represent two different aspects of the relationship with Him. The Yamunā represents the intimate aspect, being inseparably connected with His pastimes in Vṛndāvana, while Gangā is connected with His divine power and majesty, displaying His potency in purifying the material creation. Seven feminine opulences In text 10.34, Kṛṣṇa mentions a set of qualities that represent Him: fame, fortune, fine speech, memory, intelligence, steadfastness, and patience. These are qualities that make a person glorious, and whenever we see someone who has these qualities, we can remember Kṛṣṇa, for they represent Him. Prabhupāda mentions that these qualities are considered feminine, even though men can also possess them. What is the reason? There are a few. The first is that the Sanskrit nouns for all of them are feminine. The second is that all of these seven qualities emanate from feminine predominating deities. Kīrti (fame), Medhā (intelligence), Dhṛti (firmness), Smṛti (memory), and Kṣamā (patience) appear among the daughters of Dakṣa. Śrī (fortune) is the consort of Viṣṇu; and Vāk (fine speech, especially connected with the Sanskrit language) is the daughter of Brahmā. Therefore, when Kṛṣṇa mentions that, “Among women I am fame, fortune, fine speech, memory, intelligence, steadfastness and patience,” this points to these seven deities as His representatives among exalted women. How can Kṛṣṇa be “the gambling of cheats”? Later, in text 10.36, Kṛṣṇa mentions, “I am also the gambling of cheats.” The exact word Kṛṣṇa uses is chalayatām. Viśvanātha explains that this applies to the context of two persons trying to deceive one another: chalayatām anyo ’nya-vañcana-parāṇāṁ sambandhi dyūtam asmi – “Among cheaters, those intent on deceiving one another, I am gambling.” Gambling is thus not simply an arbitrary dishonest activity. It is an especially destructive fo

  7. Sep 20

    10,000 years? Prophecies of the Golden Age

    ⤴️ There is a narration of the article in my voice. You have the option to hear it instead of reading. You can receive new articles directly in your inbox. Subscription is free; donations are welcome. Prabhupāda described on a number of occasions the possibility of a golden age of 10,000 years in which humanity would continue to progress spiritually, up to the point that life would become like in Satya-yuga. When directly asked by Allen Ginsberg where such a golden age is mentioned in the Vedas, Śrila Prabhupada answered that it is mentioned in the Puranas. Some expect to find some special book, or at least a few complete chapters describing all details of the expected golden age, but that’s not how the sastras work. Most topics in the Vedas are presented indirectly or merged into other information in the same verses. That’s why the only reliable way to understand the scriptures is through the explanations of self-realized souls. Without such guidance, one will miss even the most basic points, such as the fact that God is not impersonal or that bhakti is the highest path. We can just see how most philosophers study the Upanisads without even realizing that Kṛṣṇa is the source of the impersonal Brahmajoti, for example. One who studies the scriptures under the assumption that God does not have a form, for example, will interpret the verses under this optic, and thus conclude that it is indeed true. According to Prabhupada, this Golden Age is connected with the spread of the chanting of the mahā-mantra. As more people adopt the process, the world will gradually change. According to him, it will be divided into an ascending period, where people will gradually adopt the process of Kṛṣṇa consciousness, a peak, and then a descending period of decline, culminating in the remaining years of Kali-yuga. This change was indirectly predicted five centuries ago by Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu, who predicted that His name would be chanted in all towns and villages of the world. Before Śrila Prabhupada came to the West, this seemed something impossible, some kind of poetic exaggeration, but after he was able to establish his movement, it started sounding like a credible idea. When Śrila Bhaktivinoda Thakura prophesied that, “When will that day come when the fair-skinned foreigners will come to Sri Mayapur-dhama and join with the Bengali Vaiṣnavas to chant, Jaya Sacinandana, Jaya Sacinandana. When will that day be?” it seemed very far-fetched, but nowadays that’s a common view in Mayapur. In the Caitanya Caritamrta, we have a glimpse of how the process of spreading Krsna consciousness works: “On this earth there are many living entities,” the Lord said, “some moving and some not moving. What will happen to the trees, plants, insects and other living entities? How will they be delivered from material bondage? Haridasa Thakura replied, “My dear Lord, the deliverance of all moving and nonmoving living entities takes place only by Your mercy. You have already granted this mercy and delivered them. You have loudly chanted the Hare Krsna mantra, and everyone, moving or not moving, has benefited by hearing it. My Lord, the moving entities who have heard Your loud sankirtana have already been delivered from bondage to the material world, and after the nonmoving living entities like trees hear it, there is an echo. Actually, however, it is not an echo: it is the kirtana of the nonmoving living entities. All this, although inconceivable, is possible by Your mercy”. (CC Antya 3.68-71) Although most may not immediately become pure devotees by just hearing the chanting, the effect of it accumulates as sukriti, and the result appears in the next lives. Gradually, people become closer until they eventually join Mahaprabhu’s movement and also help to spread it to others. In this way, devotional service can grow exponentially, just like an airborne virus. Śrila Bhaktivinoda Thakura made several predictions about the spreading of the sankirtana movement. In his article “Nityadharma Suryodoy”, published in 1885 in the Sajjana-Tosani magazine, he wrote: “Very soon the unparalleled path of hari-nama sankirtana will be propagated all over the world. Oh, for that day when the fortunate English, French, Russian, German, and American people will take up banners, mridangas, and karatalas and raise kirtana through their streets and towns! When will that day come?” In a later article, published in 1895, he wrote: “Sriman Mahaprabhu did not descend with His associates to deliver a certain number of human beings in the land of India, but rather His purpose was to deliver and uplift all living beings in all countries of the world by practicing the eternal religion of all souls”. In his book Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu: His Life and Precepts, he made another similar prophecy: “The principle of kirtana, as the future church of the world, invites all classes of men without distinction of caste, creed, or clan to the highest cultivation of the spirit. This church will extend all over the world and take the place of all sectarian churches which exclude outsiders from the precincts of their mosque, church or temple.” From such passages, we can see that the idea of a Golden Age was not invented by Śrila Prabhupada. He got it from the paramparā. However, from where did Śrila Bhaktivinodha Thakura get it? Pure devotees are called tri-kala jna, because they are capable of knowing the past, present, and future. Therefore, the words of a pure devotee are sufficient proof of something, just like someone present at a certain event can give testimony on it; but in any case, we also find a surprising volume of evidence from the scriptures and previous ācāryas. Nammalvar About five thousand years ago, at the beginning of the Kali-yuga, Nammalvar, one of the twelve great Vaiṣnava saints of the Sri Sampradaya, predicted the advent of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu and the spread of the sankirtana movement in his Tiruvaimoli. These predictions are explained in detail in the book “A Divine Prophecy” by Sridhara Srinivasa Prabhu. “All glories! All glories! All glories to the devotees of the Lord! All the inauspiciousness and curses of the living entities are destroyed, no one is going to hell, Yamaraja has no work anymore, and the ill-effects of Kali-yuga have ceased to exist. I behold something wonderful: all over the world an increasing number of devotees of Kadalvannan (bluish-black complexioned Lord Krsna), sing His names while dancing and playing musical instruments. I behold! I behold! I behold the visions that are sweet to the eyes. O devotees! Please come and join these enthusiastic devotees. Standing in joy with arms raised they are worshipping Lord Madhava, who wears a Tulasi Garland surrounded by intoxicated bees drinking its nectar. Roaming all over the earth they chant and sing in sweet mellow, the glories and names of Lord Krsna and dance with raised arms in jubilation. The ill-effects of Kali-yuga have ceased and a new golden age of sankirtana-yajna has begun. The demigods have also joined the movement and the whole world is flooded with love of Godhead. The devotees of Kadalvannan (the complexion of a dark cloud and ocean-hued Lord Vishnu, or Krsna) have entered and occupied every corner of the earth and are singing the name, fame, and glories of the Lord with great joy and enchantment.” (Tiruvaimoli 5.2.1-3) Bhavishya Purana In the Bhavishya Purana (20.71-73), there is another interesting prediction, this one spoken by Lord Jagannatha Himself: “Lord Jagannatha, the Supreme Lord Sri Hari Himself, spoke these attractive words for the welfare of all: The mlecchas who are born from mixed countries ruled by descendants of Kasyapa (demons) and the sudras will become brahmanas by initiation. They will wear sikas and brahmana threads and will become well versed in the uncontaminated fruit of the Vedas (Srimad Bhagavatam). They will worship Me by the Yajna prescribed by the Lord of Lords, the protector of Saci (Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu).” So, from here we can see the information about a golden age directly given. However, where does the idea of 10,000 years come from? In his purport to SB 8.5.23, for example, Śrila Prabhupada wrote: “When Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu appeared, He ushered in the era for the sankirtana movement. It is also said that for ten thousand years this era will continue. This means that simply by accepting the sankirtana movement and chanting the Hare Krsna maha-mantra, the fallen souls of this Kali-yuga will be delivered. After the Battle of Kuruksetra, at which Bhagavad-gita was spoken, Kali-yuga continues for 432,000 years, of which only 5,000 years have passed. Thus there is still a balance of 427,000 years to come. Of these 427,000 years, the 10,000 years of the sankirtana movement inaugurated by Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu 500 years ago provide the opportunity for the fallen souls of Kali-yuga to take to the Krsna consciousness movement, chant the Hare Krsna maha-mantra and thus be delivered from the clutches of material existence and return home, back to Godhead.” Here, Śrila Prabhupada doesn’t just mention a period of 10,000 years, but he sets a specific date for its beginning, coinciding with the appearance of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu. When taken in combination with the idea of an ascending and descending period, we can understand that the Golden Age may have started with the advent of Mahaprabhu, but the effects will only appear gradually. In fact, we can see that humanity changed its path after His advent, getting out of the dark ages and entering into a path that culminated with the start and expansion of Śrila Prabhupada’s movement. Brahma-vaivarta Purana This period of 10,000 years is mentioned in the prophecies of the Brahma-vaivarta Purana. In the 129th chapter of part 4, there is a conversation between Krsna and Mother Ganga. The Lord is returning to His abode,

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