In Part 1, we met Nancy Green, the woman hired to become America's first living trademark. To understand what she was actually performing at that 24-foot flour barrel, and why it worked so powerfully on white audiences, we have to go back further. Before the brand. Before the fair. Back to the minstrel stage. This episode is a direct continuation of Part 1, and it's a heavy one. In this episode we: Trace the origins and structure of the American minstrel show, the dominant popular entertainment of the 19th century Examine the cast of characters it produced: the Mammy, Uncle Tom, the Jezebel, the P********y, Jim Crow Unpack what each character was built to hide and what realities about slavery and its aftermath they were designed to make invisible Explore the role of sexual violence in the institution of slavery, and the specific myths constructed to mask it These were not the casual racism of an unthinking era. They were tools, constructed with purpose. Once you see their architecture, you can't unsee them because they didn't end when minstrel shows did. Content note: This episode discusses slavery, sexual violence, racial caricature, and racist stereotypes in historical context. It includes discussion of lynching and the systematic terror of the post-Reconstruction era. We have approached this material with care and encourage listeners to do the same. Connect with Us! Patreon: patreon.com/TheBitchionary Instagram @theb.chionary Substack: https://thebitchionary.substack.com/ Apple Podcasts: The Bitchionary Email: admin@thebitchionary.com for general inquiries. Email Becca at becca@thebitchionary.com or Lily at lily@thebitchionary.com. Sources ABC News. "The untold story of the real 'Aunt Jemima' and the fight to preserve her legacy." African American Registry. "Nancy Green, The Original 'Aunt Jemima' born." Allrecipes. "The Brand Formerly Known as 'Aunt Jemima' Becomes Pearl Milling Company." Banks, Nina. "Black women’s labor market history reveals deep-seated race and gender discrimination." Economic Policy Institute. CBS News Boston. "Aunt Jemima Brand And Logo Being Retired By Quaker Oats, Acknowledging Racial Stereotype." Collins, Patricia Hill. "Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment" EBSCO Research Starters. "Mammy archetype" by Elizabeth Mohn. Fiveable Class Notes. "Domestic work and labor exploitation | History of Black Women in America." Kentucky Center for African American Heritage. "Nancy Green." Kentucky Historical Society. "Civil War to Civil Rights: Nancy Green, Aunt Jemima." Lee, Jon J. "Racism and Trademark Abandonment." The George Washington Law Review. London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA). "A history of branding." New-York Historical Society. "Aunt Jemima." Women & the American Story. New-York Historical Society. "Black Domestic Workers." Women & the American Story. Richardson, Riché. "Can We Please, Finally, Get Rid of 'Aunt Jemima'?" The New York Times. Roberts, Sam. "Overlooked No More: Nancy Green, the 'Real Aunt Jemima'." The New York Times. Pearl Milling Company. "Our History." PR Newswire. "Aunt Jemima Brand To Remove Image From Packaging And Change Brand Name." The Quaker Oats Company. US Legal Forms. "Aunt Jemima Doctrine: Understanding Trademark Protection." Legal Resources. University of Washington Digital Collections. "Early Advertising of the West, 1867-1918." Wikipedia. "Aunt Jemima." Wikipedia. "Mammy stereotype." Wilmington College. "Powered by Pancakes: Debra Faulk to Share the True Story of Aunt Jemima." World’s Fair Chicago 1893. "Remembering Nancy Green, Aunt Jemima, and the 1893 World’s Fair." "The Enduring Iconography of Exploitation: Aunt Jemima, Racial Mythology, and the History of American Consumption." Research Summary. "The Real Aunt Jemima: Nancy Green’s Story and the Legacy of a Stereotype." Historical Research Analysis.