If your gut tends to act up when you’re stressed, you’re not imagining it! Your brain and your gut are talking to each other all the time through the vagus nerve, hormones, immune signals, and the microbiome. And when stress becomes chronic, that communication can change. Acute stress is normal. You have an exam, a difficult meeting, or an emergency; your stress response turns on and then comes back down. The problem is when that response keeps happening over and over again or stays around for months. And your gut notices. Stress can change how quickly food moves through your digestive system, intestinal secretions and mucus, immune activity, and the environment where your gut microbes live. Some bacteria can even sense stress hormones and change their behavior. Add changes in sleep, food, and physical activity, and you can see why chronic stress can end up affecting the whole gut ecosystem. Can your microbiome affect your stress response too? In animals, we have pretty convincing evidence that changes in gut microbes can change stress reactivity. In humans, we don’t know nearly as much yet. So I’ll talk about what we know, what comes mostly from mouse studies, and where we still have questions. I also talk about eating a greater variety of plants, fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, kimchi, or sauerkraut, cutting down on ultra-processed foods, and sleep and regular movement. I also get into antibiotics, probiotics, and microbiome stool tests. Probiotics, for example, are strain-specific, so saying “take a probiotic” doesn’t tell you very much. And I have a little recommendation for you: for one week, pay attention to how many different plants you eat. Beans, oats, berries, vegetables, nuts, herbs...because they all count. Add a fermented food you actually like, keep one sleep habit consistent, and try to move most days. One last, essential thing. Not every digestive symptom should be blamed on stress. Blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, severe pain, or new symptoms later in life deserve a medical evaluation. There is so much interesting biology connecting stress, the brain, the immune system, the gut, and the microbiome, and I had a lot of fun putting this episode together. I hope you enjoy it and find it useful! Here are the links to the studies I mention in the episode: Mayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(8):453-466. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3071 Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. 2016;14(8):e1002533. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL. Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system. Auton Neurosci. 2000;85(1-3):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0 Bravo JA, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. PNAS. 2011;108(38):16050-16055. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1102999108 Tracey KJ. The inflammatory reflex. Nature. 2002;420:853-859. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01321 Yano JM, et al. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 2015;161(2):264-276. https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00248-2 Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(10):701-712. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3346 Cryan JF, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology in the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;817:3-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_1 Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-312. https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/fulltext/S0166-2236(13)00007-6 Knowles SR, Nelson EA, Palombo EA. Investigating the role of perceived stress on bacterial flora activity and salivary cortisol secretion. Biol Psychol. 2008;77(2):132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.010 Sudo N, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004;558(1):263-275. https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 Lackner JM, et al. Improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms after cognitive behavior therapy for refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(1):47-57. https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)30419-6/fulltext Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome IV — functional GI disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1257-1261. https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(16)00223-7/fulltext McDonald D, et al. American Gut: an open platform for citizen science microbiome research. mSystems. 2018;3(3):e00031-18. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00031-18 Wastyk HC, et al. Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell. 2021;184(16):4137-4153. https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)00754-6 Benedict C, et al. Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals. Mol Metab. 2016;5(12):1175-1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.003 Allen JM, et al. Exercise alters gut microbiota composition and function in lean and obese humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(4):747-757. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001495 Dethlefsen L, Relman DA. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. PNAS. 2011;108(Suppl 1):4554-4561. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1000087107 Kelly JR, et al. Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;61:50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.018 Allen AP, et al. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(11):e939. https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016191 Systematic review of 29 randomised trials of lifestyle and psychobiotic interventions measuring stress and microbiome outcomes. September 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42739081/ [ESTI: completar autores/revista] Rome V. Gastroenterology. 2026. https://els-jbs-prod-cdn.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/article/S0016-5085(26)00145-9/fulltext Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE. Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023