Beyond the Scoreboard

Narratique

Every game has two scores. One goes on the scoreboard. The other goes on a contract. Beyond the Scoreboard follows the deals, rules, and incentives that turn a game into a business: why NFL teams split their TV money, what a salary cap really caps, who pays for the stadium, and how a rookie's sneaker contract rewrote athlete endorsements. Each episode takes one familiar sports puzzle and tells the documented story of the deal behind it. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Research sources in every episode's notes. A Narratique original.

  1. Sep 30

    Trading Cards: How Scarcity Became the Product

    A nineteen fifty-two Mickey Mantle card sold for twelve point six million dollars in 2022. Around 1960, the story goes, the company that printed it dumped unsold cases off New York. This episode follows the trading card from a free picture in a cigarette pack to a product whose main ingredient is how few exist. Along the way: what the record really says about the Honus Wagner card, the five-dollar contracts that gave Topps a quarter-century monopoly, the antitrust case that opened the market and was then overturned, the overproduction of the late eighties, and the industry's answer, which was to print scarcity on purpose. It ends with one company, Fanatics, holding the licences again. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 658 F.2d 139 (3d Cir., Aug. 25, 1981), opinion of Judge James Hunter I: https://static.case.law/f2d/658/cases/0139-01.json Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 501 F. Supp. 485 (E.D. Pa., June 30, 1980), Judge Newcomer: https://static.case.law/f-supp/501/cases/0485-01.json Haelan Laboratories, Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 202 F.2d 866 (2d Cir., Feb. 16, 1953), Judge Frank: https://static.case.law/f2d/202/cases/0866-01.json Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. v. Fleer Corp., 547 F. Supp. 102 (D. Del., Sept. 2, 1982): https://static.case.law/f-supp/547/cases/0102-01.json Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 539 A.2d 1060 (Del., Apr. 6, 1988): https://static.case.law/a2d/539/cases/1060-01.json Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass'n, 641 F. Supp. 1179 (S.D.N.Y., Aug. 1, 1986): https://static.case.law/f-supp/641/cases/1179-01.json Wagner A Wonder: One Player In Game Who Is Not Money Mad, The Sporting News, October 1912 (scanned page): https://web.archive.org/web/20071009110746/http://www.explorepahistory.com/~expa/cms/pbfiles/Project1/Scheme40/ExplorePAHistory-a0b9s7-a_514.pdf Collectors Universe, Inc., Form 10-K for fiscal year ended June 30, 2005: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1089143/000108914305000027/maindoc.htm Mudrick Capital Acquisition Corp. II, Form 8-K filed August 20, 2021: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1820727/000119312521252037/d197244d8k.htm Fanatics Acquires Topps Trading Cards and Collectibles Business (press release, Jan. 4): https://www.fanaticsinc.com/press-releases/fanatics-acquires-topps-trading-cards-and-collectibles-business See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    Trading Cards: How Scarcity Became the Product
  2. Sep 30

    How Minor-League Baseball Changed Its Business Model

    For decades a minor-league baseball owner sold every ticket and hot dog but did not employ a single player. The big-league parent club paid the roster and the coaches; the local owner ran the night out. Benjamin Hartenstone traces that split from Branch Rickey's farm system to the standard contract in baseball's rule book, then follows what happened when the master agreement expired on September thirtieth, twenty twenty: one hundred twenty licensed clubs, dozens of towns moved to college, draft-showcase and partner leagues, a wage law written for ballplayers, the first minor-league union contract, and one private-equity-backed company buying more than a third of the affiliated minors. Who gained, who paid, and what it means from the grandstand. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book, Major League Rules, 2019 edition (Rule 56 Standard Player Devel: https://web.archive.org/web/20190731201536/https://registration.mlbpa.org/pdf/MajorLeagueRules.pdf 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(19): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/213 H. Res. 815, 116th Congress, Supporting Minor League Baseball, and for other purposes (introduced Jan. 28, 202: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-116hres815ih/html/BILLS-116hres815ih.htm MLB announces new modernized Player Development System and the 120 Minor League Baseball teams (Feb. 12, 2021): https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-announces-new-modernized-player-development-system-and-the-120 MLB, USA Baseball announce new format for Appalachian League (Sept. 29, 2020): https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-usa-baseball-announce-new-format-for-appalachian-league MLB Draft League to begin in 2021 (Nov. 30, 2020): https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-draft-league-to-begin-in-2021 Pioneer League designated MLB Partner League (Nov. 30, 2020): https://www.mlb.com/news/pioneer-league-designated-mlb-partner-league Mark Feinsand, MLB ratifies new CBA for Minor League players (Apr. 3, 2023): https://www.mlb.com/news/minor-leagues-new-collective-bargaining-agreement Nathaniel Grow, The Save America's Pastime Act: Special-Interest Legislation Epitomized, 90 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1: https://lawreview.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/8.-Grow_revised.pdf Andy McCue, Branch Rickey: https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/branch-rickey/ See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    How Minor-League Baseball Changed Its Business Model
  3. Sep 30

    Sports Betting Sponsorships: Selling Access to the Fan

    In 1991 the NFL's commissioner told Congress the leagues did not want their games "used as bait to sell gambling." Thirty years later his league had three official sportsbook partners. This episode traces how that happened: the 1992 federal ban the leagues lobbied for, the Supreme Court's 2018 decision in Murphy v. NCAA, the NBA's failed request for a one percent "integrity fee," and the 2018 NBA and MGM agreement that replaced a mandatory fee with a voluntary sponsorship built on data and branding. We then follow the money to England, where Premier League clubs agreed in 2023 to take betting sponsors off the front of their shirts. A business history, not betting advice, including the documented concerns about problem gambling and integrity. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, No. 16-476, slip opinion, May 14, 2018: https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-476_dbfi.pdf 28 U.S.C. § 3702, Unlawful sports gambling (Pub. L. 102-559, Oct. 28, 1992; effective Jan. 1, 1993): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/3702 Statement to New York State Senate Standing Committee on Racing, Gaming and Wagering, January 24, 2018 (Dan Sp: https://open.nysenate.gov/sites/default/files/1.24.18_testimony_of_national_basketball_association.pdf MGM Resorts International becomes official gaming partner of the NBA in historic alliance, July 31, 2018: https://pr.nba.com/mgm-resorts-international-nba-partnership Full transcript: Adam Silver press conference announcing partnership with MGM: https://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/24244567/nba-full-transcript-adam-silver-press-conference-announcing-partnership-mgm The impact of Adam Silver's sports betting op-ed five years later: https://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/28068000/the-impact-adam-silver-sports-betting-op-ed-five-years-later Documenting Sports Leagues' Backpedals On Sports Betting: https://sportshandle.com/documenting-sports-leagues-backpedals-on-sports-betting/ What's next in the fight for sports betting legalization?: https://abcnews.com/Sports/fight-sports-betting-legalization/story?id=33340183 NBA says don't call it an integrity fee; league argues it deserves royalty: https://cdcgaming.com/nba-says-dont-call-it-an-integrity-fee-league-argues-it-deserves-royalty-for-casinos-profiting-off-its-product/ NBA requests set of laws that would help legalize sports gambling in United States, Jan. 24, 2018: https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/nba-requests-set-of-laws-that-would-help-legalize-sports-gambling-in-united-states See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    Sports Betting Sponsorships: Selling Access to the Fan
  4. Sep 30

    NIL: The Business Model That Changed College Endorsements

    For more than a century, a college athlete could not be paid to sign an autograph, appear in an advertisement, or show up in a video game. Then, in about a dozen years, the rule came apart. This episode follows the money and the law: the NCAA's 1906 amateurism bylaw, Ed O'Bannon's 2009 lawsuit and the college video game it ended, California's Fair Pay to Play Act of 2019, the Supreme Court's 2021 decision in NCAA v. Alston, the interim policy that opened the market on July 1, 2021, the rise of booster-funded collectives, and the House settlement approved in 2025. Every rule here carries a date, because the rules kept changing afterward. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: NCAA v. Alston, 594 U.S. (2021), slip opinion incl. Kavanaugh concurrence: https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf O'Bannon v. NCAA, Nos. 14-16601, 14-17068 (9th Cir. Sept. 30, 2015): https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2015/09/30/14-16601.pdf SB 206 (Skinner), Chapter 383, Statutes of 2019, adding Education Code § 67456: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB206 Governor Newsom Signs SB 206, Taking on Long-Standing Power Imbalance in College Sports (Sept. 30, 2019): https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/09/30/governor-newsom-signs-sb-206-taking-on-long-standing-power-imbalance-in-college-sports/ NCAA adopts interim name, image and likeness policy (June 30, 2021): https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-06-30/ncaa-adopts-interim-name-image-and-likeness-policy Docket No. 15-1388, NCAA v. O'Bannon: https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docketfiles/15-1388.htm Executive Order, Saving College Sports (July 24, 2025): https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/saving-college-sports/ NIL at 3: The Annual Opendorse Report (filed as Doc. 539-14, Case 4:20-cv-03919-CW, Oct. 2, 2024): https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/The_Annual_Opendorse_Report_-Version-2.pdf Judge rules against NCAA (Aug. 8, 2014): https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/11328442/judge-rules-ncaa-ed-obannon-antitrust-case EA Sports to stop producing college football game (Sept. 26, 2013, Darren Rovell): https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/9728042/ea-sports-stop-producing-college-football-game See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    NIL: The Business Model That Changed College Endorsements
  5. Sep 30

    Why College Conferences Chased Television Markets

    In the fall of 1981, Oklahoma and USC played on more than two hundred ABC stations and were paid exactly what The Citadel and Appalachian State received for a game shown on four. That flat fee was the NCAA's television plan at work, and it led two universities to sue. This episode follows the money from the NCAA's 1951 decision to ration televised football, through the Supreme Court's 1984 ruling in NCAA v. Board of Regents, the rise and collapse of the College Football Association, Notre Dame's 1990 NBC contract, the SEC's first championship game, and the launch of the Big Ten Network, to explain why a Midwestern conference wanted schools in Maryland and New Jersey, and later Los Angeles. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984), syllabus, majority opinion (Steven: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/468/85 National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (case summary): https://www.oyez.org/cases/1983/83-271 '84 NCAA Supreme Court Case ... 30 Years Later (July 11, 2014): https://wvusports.com/news/2014/7/11/25935_131465989211764928 Andy Staples, How television changed college football -- and how it will again (Aug 6, 2012): https://www.si.com/college/2012/08/06/tv-college-football Douglas Farmer, 30 Years of Notre Dame on NBC: Beginning with 'ultimate greed' in 1990 and Indiana in 1991 (Fe: https://www.nbcsports.com/college-football/news/30-years-of-notre-dame-on-nbc-ultimate-greed-indiana-1991 Chris Low, How the 1992 SEC championship game altered the college football landscape forever (Aug 18, 2022): https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/34408233/how-1992-sec-championship-game-altered-college-football-landscape-forever Visionary College Athletics Administrator Chuck Neinas Passes Away (Dec 16, 2025): https://footballfoundation.org/news/2025/12/16/football-visionary-college-athletics-administrator-chuck-neinas-passes-away.aspx Laurel Thomas Gnagey, Media agreements include creation of a Big Ten Channel in 2007 (June 26, 2006): https://record.umich.edu/articles/media-agreements-include-creation-of-a-big-ten-channel-in-2007/ Big Ten Network to officially launch Aug. 30 (July 2, 2007): https://news.wisc.edu/big-ten-network-to-officially-launch-aug-30 Big Ten Network Frequently Asked Questions (Nov 13, 2007): https://iuhoosiers.com/news/2007/11/13/Big_Ten_Network_Frequently_Asked_Questions See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    Why College Conferences Chased Television Markets
  6. Sep 30

    The Olympics: Who Pays to Host the Games?

    When a city wins the Olympic Games, what it actually wins is a contract. Benjamin Hartenstone opens the International Olympic Committee's own host city contract to find out who finances the Games, who guarantees the overruns, and what the IOC pays in. Then the story of the decade that wrote those terms: Colorado voters handing back the 1976 Winter Games, Montreal's stadium debt that a tobacco tax finally cleared in 2006, and Los Angeles, the only bidder for 1984, refusing to sign a public guarantee and finishing with a reported surplus under Peter Ueberroth. Plus the Oxford Olympics Study's finding that every Games it could measure ran over budget, the collapse in bidders, and the IOC's reforms. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: Host City Contract – Principles, Games of the XXXIII Olympiad in 2024 (45 pp.): https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Host-City-Elections/XXXIII-Olympiad-2024/Host-City-Contract-2024-Principles.pdf Olympic Marketing Fact File, 2025 Edition (July 2025): https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/International-Olympic-Committee/IOC-Marketing-And-Broadcasting/IOC-Marketing-Fact-File.pdf Funding page: https://www.olympics.com/ioc/funding The Economics of Montreal 1976: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/the-economics-of-montreal-1976 The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games (Flyvbjerg, Stewart, Budzier), working pape: https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.04484 Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up (Flyvbjerg, Budzier, Lunn), Environment and Planning A, publi: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.14682 Quebec's Big Owe stadium debt is over (19 Dec 2006): https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-s-big-owe-stadium-debt-is-over-1.602530 Montreal's billion-dollar 'Big Owe': What went wrong in '76? (Ingrid Peritz, 17 Jan 2009): https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/montreals-billion-dollar-big-owe-what-went-wrong-in-76/article1152036/ The Economics of Hosting the Olympic Games (McBride and Berman; updated 5 Feb 2026): https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/economics-hosting-olympic-games Reluctant Host: Denver and the 1976 Winter Olympic Games and The Denver That Never Was: https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/denver/reluctant-host-denver-and-1976-winter-olympic-games See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    The Olympics: Who Pays to Host the Games?
  7. Sep 30

    Transfer Fees: What a Club Actually Buys

    In August 2017 Neymar's lawyers tried to hand the Spanish league 222 million euros, and the league refused to take it. The payment that followed was made in the player's own name, because in football nobody buys a player. So what is a transfer fee for? Benjamin Hartenstone follows the money from the registration a club really holds, through George Eastham's strike and court case in 1960s England, to Jean-Marc Bosman's five-year fight at the European Court of Justice. Along the way: why fees are paid in instalments, how clubs spread them across their accounts, what a sell-on clause did for Exeter City, and why FIFA makes big transfers pay the small clubs that trained the player. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995, Case C-415/93, URBSFA v Jean-Marc Bosman: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61993CJ0415 Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players, January 2025 edition: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/696d877ea35ca761/original/Regulations-on-the-Status-and-Transfer-of-Players-January-2025-edition.pdf Manchester United plc, Form 20-F for fiscal year ended 30 June 2024 (filed 13 September 2024): https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1549107/000110465924099826/manu-20240630x20f.htm FC Barcelona communiqué on Neymar Jr (3 August 2017): https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/748497/fc-barcelona-communique-on-neymar-jr Neymar: Paris St-Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros (3 August 2017): https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40762417 Barcelona terminate Neymar's contract after accepting €222m fee (3 August 2017): https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37528568/barcelona-terminate-neymar-contract-accepting-222-million-euro-fee Outcome of discussions between the Commission and FIFA/UEFA on FIFA Regulations on international football tran: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_01_314 George Eastham obituary, by Brian Glanville (23 December 2024): https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/dec/23/george-eastham-obituary George Eastham OBE: A Football Pioneer (24 December 2024): https://www.thepfa.com/news/2024/12/24/george-eastham-a-football-pioneer George Eastham 1936–2024: https://www.arsenal.com/news/george-eastham-1936-2024 See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    Transfer Fees: What a Club Actually Buys
  8. Sep 30

    What Relegation Does to a Football Club's Finances

    In most American leagues the worst team keeps its seat. In English football the bottom three clubs of the Premier League are sent down a division every year, and the television money stays behind. This episode follows the cash. We look at the gap between Premier League and Championship broadcast income, the parachute payments the top league created to soften the fall, and the relegation clauses that clubs write into player contracts. Then we test those tools against the record: Bradford City, Leeds United, Portsmouth and Sunderland. Who is protected, who pays, and why the second tier of English football keeps spending more than it earns. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Beyond the Scoreboard is a Narratique original. Selected research sources: Premier League central payments to clubs 2023/24 (page and payments table image): https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4037205 Premier League central payments to clubs 2024/25 (page and table image): https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4325409/premier-league-central-payments-to-clubs-202425-season Premier League value of central payments to clubs 2017/18 (17 May 2018): https://www.premierleague.com/news/691073 About the Premier League: https://www.premierleague.com/en/about Fan-Led Review of Football Governance: securing the game's future (24 Nov 2021, chair Tracey Crouch MP): https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fan-led-review-of-football-governance-securing-the-games-future/fan-led-review-of-football-governance-securing-the-games-future Annual Review of Football Finance 2026: Football League clubs: https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en/services/consulting/research/annual-review-of-football-finance-football-league-clubs.html Annual Review of Football Finance 2026: Premier League clubs: https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en/services/consulting/research/annual-review-of-football-finance-premier-league-clubs.html Wilson, Ramchandani and Plumley, Parachute Payments in English Football; Softening the Landing or Distorting t: https://shura.shu.ac.uk/17115/3/Wilson-ParachutePaymentsInEnglishFootball%28AM%29.pdf Evans, Scelles and Walters, The use and abuse of parachute payments in the English football Championship, poli: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/schoolofmanagement/centreforsportsbusiness/CSB,policy,briefing,-,parachute,payments.pdf Nick Harris, Premier League confirms increased parachute cash up to £48m... (4 Aug 2010): https://sportingintelligence832.substack.com/p/good-news-for-blackpool-premier-league-confirms-increased-parachute-cash-up-to-48m-and-372m-to-be-handed-to-football-league-040804 See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

    What Relegation Does to a Football Club's Finances

About

Every game has two scores. One goes on the scoreboard. The other goes on a contract. Beyond the Scoreboard follows the deals, rules, and incentives that turn a game into a business: why NFL teams split their TV money, what a salary cap really caps, who pays for the stadium, and how a rookie's sneaker contract rewrote athlete endorsements. Each episode takes one familiar sports puzzle and tells the documented story of the deal behind it. Hosted by Benjamin Hartenstone. Research sources in every episode's notes. A Narratique original.