What is a calling – and are there any downsides to having one? In this episode, Hannah sits down with Dr. Steven Zhou, Assistant Professor of Psychological Science at Claremont McKenna College, whose research sits at the intersection of leadership, personality, and career development, using methods ranging from traditional statistics to natural language processing (NLP) and AI. Steven brings a refreshing combination of academic rigor and real-world HR experience to a conversation that covers shared leadership, vocational calling (which has a dark side!), and the science (and skepticism) of leader development programs. If you're a champion for evidence-backed practice, or the person who always seems to be asking "but what does the research say?" – this one's for you. Follow Steven’s work (or his newsletter) here: https://www.statslabatcmc.com. References and Notes Holland's RIASEC Model – The foundational framework for understanding vocational interests, classifying people and work environments into six types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources. → Wikipedia overview SETPOINT Model – A more recent 8-dimension model of vocational interests (Health Science, Creative Expression, Technology, People, Organization, Influence, Nature, and Things) that Steven referenced. Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2019). Toward a dimensional model of vocational interests. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000400 The dark side of vocational calling – The landmark study Steven cited as the paper that kicked off research into the downsides of calling, based on qualitative interviews with zookeepers across 157 U.S. and Canadian zoos. Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2009). The call of the wild: Zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(1), 32–57. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.32 Unanswered callings – The study Steven described showing that individuals who feel called but are not working in a matching role report worse outcomes than those with no sense of calling at all. Gazica, M. W., & Spector, P. E. (2015). A comparison of individuals with unanswered callings to those with no calling at all. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.08.008 Stretch Assignments – A concept in both career development and leader development referring to tasks or roles that are more challenging than current competency but within reach. → A recent HBR article: Gilmartin, S. K., Brunhaver, S., Jordan-Bloch, S., Gall, G., Simard, C., & Sheppard, S. D. (2025, May 28). The right way to implement stretch assignments. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2025/05/the-right-way-to-implement-stretch-assignments Developing leaders via experience – Research Hannah mentioned relevant to Steven's discussion of stretch assignments and the conditions needed for real development to occur. DeRue, D. S., & Wellman, N. (2009). Developing leaders via experience: The role of developmental challenge, learning orientation, and feedback availability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 859–875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015317 KSAOs – Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Characteristics. The standard framework in industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology for describing what an individual brings to a role. Kravis Leadership Institute (KLI), Claremont McKenna College – The leadership research and development institute where Steven works, led by some of the most prominent names in leadership research. Steven mentioned their applied student leader development work incorporating stretch assignments, reflection, and mentorship. → KLI website Music: "Feel Good (Instrumental Version)" by PØW via Epidemic Sound