PHP Internals News: Episode 100: Sealed Classes

PHP Internals News: Episode 100: Sealed Classes

Thursday, March 24th 2022, 09:04 GMT London, UK

In this episode of "PHP Internals News" I talk with Saif Eddin Gmati (Website, Twitter, GitHub) about the "Sealed Classes" RFC that he has proposed.

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Transcript

Derick Rethans 0:14

Hi, I'm Derick. Welcome to PHP internals news, the podcast dedicated to explaining the latest developments in the PHP language. This is episode 100. Today I'm talking with Saif Eddin Gmati about the sealed classes RFC that they're proposing. Saif, would you please introduce yourself?

Saif Eddin Gmati 0:31

Hello, my name is Saif Eddin Gmati. I work as a Senior programmer at Les-Tilleuls.coop. I'm an open source enthusiast and contributor.

Derick Rethans 0:39

Let's dive straight into this RFC. What is the problem that you're trying to solve with it?

Saif Eddin Gmati 0:43

Sealed classes just like enums and tagged unions allow developers to define their data models in a way where invalid state becomes less likely. It also eliminates the need to handle unknown subtypes for a specific model, as using sealed classes to define models gives us an idea on what child types would be available at run time. Sealing also provides us with a way for restricting inheritance or the use of a specific trait. For example, if we look at logger trait from the PSR log package that could be sealed to logger interface. This way, we ensure that every use of this trait is coming from a logger not from any other class.

Derick Rethans 1:24

I'm just reading through this RFC tomorrow, again, and something I didn't pick up on reading to it last time. It states that PHP already has sort of two sealed classes.

Unknown Speaker 1:35

Yes, the throwable class in PHP can only be implemented by extending either error or exception. The same applies for DateTime interface, which can only be implemented by extending DateTime class or DateTime Immutable class.

Derick Rethans 1:52

Because PHP itself doesn't allow you to implement either throwable or DateTimeInterface. I haven't quite realized that that these are also sealed classes really. What is sort of the motivation behind wanting to introduce sealed classes?

Unknown Speaker 2:06

The main motivation for this feature comes from Hack the programming language. Hack contains a lot of interesting type concepts that I think personally, PHP could benefit from and sealed classes is one of those concepts.

Derick Rethans 2:18

What kind of syntax are you proposing?

Saif Eddin Gmati 2:21

The syntax I'm proposing actually there is three syntax options for the RFC currently, but the main syntax is inspired by both Hack and Java. It's more similar to the syntax used in Java as Hack uses attributes. Personally, I have been I guess, using attributes from the start as I personally see sealing and finalizing similar as both effects how inheritance work for a specific class. Having sealed implemented as an attribute while final uses a keyword brings more inconsistency into the language which is why I have decided not to include attributes as a syntax option.

Derick Rethans 2:56

In my opinion, attributes shouldn't be used for any kind of syntax things. What they should be used for is attaching information to already existing things. And by using attributes again, to extend syntax, you sort of putting this syntax parsing in two different places , right? You're putting it both in the syntax as well as in attributes. I asked what the syntax is, but I don't think he actually mentioned what the syntax is.

Saif Eddin Gmati 3:20

The syntax the main set next proposed for the RFC is using sealed and permit as keywords we first have the sealed modifier which is added in front of the class similar to how final or abstract modifiers are used. We also have the permit clause which is basically a list allows you to name a specific classes that are able to inherit from this specific type.

Derick Rethans 3:43

So when you say type here, is that just interfaces and classes or something else as well?

Saif Eddin Gmati 3:48

It's classes interfaces and traits. Traits are allowed to add sealing but they are not allowed to permit. Okay for example, an interface is not allowed to permit a trait because a trait cannot implement an interface

Derick Rethans 4:03

In the language itself, when does this get enforced?

Saif Eddin Gmati 4:06

This inheritance restriction gets enforced when loading a class. So let's say we are loading Class A currently if this class extends B, we check if B is sealed. And if it is we check if B allows A to extend it. But when loading a specific sealed class, nothing gets actually checked. We just take the permit clause classes and store them and move on.

Derick Rethans 4:32

It only gets checks if you're trying to implement an interface.

Saif Eddin Gmati 4:36

This gets enforced when trying to implement an interface, extend that class, or use it trait.

Derick Rethans 4:41

Okay. What are general use cases for this feature?

Saif Eddin Gmati 4:45

General use cases for a feature are for example, implementing programming concepts such as Option which is a type that can only have two subtypes. One is Some, other is None. Another concept is the Result where only two subtypes are possible, either success or failure. Another use case is to restrict inheritance. As I mentioned before, for example, logger trait from the PSR log package is a trait that implements some of the method methods in logger interface, and expects whoever is using that trait to implement the rest. However, there is no restriction by the language regarding this, we can seal this trait to a logger interface ensuring that only loggers are allowed use this trait.

Derick Rethans 5:34

When you say that Option has like the value Some or None, just sound like an enum to me. How should I think differently about enums and sealed classes here?

Saif Eddin Gmati 5:43

Enums cannot hold a dynamic value. You can have a value but you cannot have a dynamic value, however, tagged unions will allow you to implement option the same way. Tagged unions are that useful only for this specific case, there is some other cases such as the one I mentioned for traits that cannot actually be implemented using the tagged unions. There is also the I don't know how to say this. Let's say we have a type A that sealed and permitting only B and C. And this case A on itself, as long as it's not an abstract class, is by itself a type. Can be used as a normal class, you can create an instance and use it normally. However with tagged unions, the option itself would not be a type, you either have some or none. That's the main difference between tagged unions until classes

Derick Rethans 6:37

A tagged union PHP doesn't have them. So how does a tagged union relate to enums?

Saif Eddin Gmati 6:43

With tagged unions as the, there is an RFC that's still in draft, I suppose that uses actually it is built on top of enums that that's why.

Derick Rethans 6:55

I reckon once that gets closer to completion, I'll end up talking to the author of that RFC. So something I'm wondering, can a sealed type permit only one other type? Or does it have to be more