Questioning Medicine

Questioning Medicine

Join Andrew on a medical rollercoaster as we ask a medical question and answer it based on recent published papers.  

  1. APR 21

    433. Salt, Statins, and Stents

    Donato J, et al. Things We Do For No Reason™: Low salt diets for patients with acute heart failure. J Hosp Med 2026 Feb 4; [e-pub]. DOI: 10.1002/jhm.70278.Some guidelines now recommend "normal sodium intake" for patients with acute and chronic HF, which means avoiding excessive sodium intake and staying under 4 to 5 g daily. https://academic.oup.com/eurjhf/article-abstract/26/4/730/8328801?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=trueLuo Y, et al. Measuring public preferences for statin therapy: Using the smallest worthwhile difference. JAMA Intern Med 2026 Feb 16; [e-pub]. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.7958.  It's honestly kind of beautiful - and a little frustrating. But it's also a reminder that medicine isn't math; it's human. People don't just want statistics; they want clarity, control, and context. A one-percent drop means one thing on paper, and something very different when you're trying to remember if you already took today's pill.  Kang J, et al. Aspirin versus clopidogrel for chronic maintenance monotherapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: 10-year follow-up of the HOST-EXAM trial. Lancet 2026 Apr 11; 407:1439. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00422-8.Over ten years, about 25 out of 100 patients on clopidogrel had one of these events, compared to about 29 out of 100 on aspirin. Statistically, that’s a hazard ratio of 0.86, with a p value of 0.005, and it translates into an absolute risk reduction of just over 3 percent and a number needed to treat of about 33. In other words, if you treat 33 stable post‑PCI patients with clopidogrel rather than aspirin for ten years, you prevent one net adverse event. Looking only at thrombotic events—cardiovascular death, non‑fatal MI, ischemic stroke, ACS readmission, or stent thrombosis—clopidogrel again came out ahead: roughly 17 percent vs 20 percent, hazard ratio 0.82, p around 0.002. This difference was largely driven by fewer strokes and fewer rehospitalizations for acute coronary syndromes. Now for bleeding. You might worry that better antithrombotic protection would mean more bleeding. In fact, the opposite happened. Any clinically relevant bleeding, BARC type 2 or higher, occurred in about 9 percent of clopidogrel patients versus almost 11 percent on aspirin, with a hazard ratio of 0.81. Major bleeding—BARC type 3, including haemorrhagic stroke—was also lower on clopidogrel: about 5.6 percent vs 7.7 percent. Haemorrhagic stroke itself was cut roughly in half.

    17 min
  2. APR 14

    431. Gout should we treat to a number? Is Co-testing needed?

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2665991326000342?via%3Dihub lancet rheumatology   A treat-to-target strategy versus symptom-driven management of gout in the Netherlands (GO TEST Overture): a multicentre, open-label, pragmatic, superiority, randomised controlled trial     The question on the table: Is chasing a serum urate level below six milligrams per deciliter worth the effort? Or are we just torturing our patients with more lab draws and dose titrations than they actually need?  What’s the Real Takeaway? So — is it worth chasing six? Probably yes, but let's keep expectations realistic. Think of it like aiming for LDL targets in dyslipidemia — specific numbers keep us intentional, The bottom line: when your gout patient agrees to start urate-lowering therapy,  don’t expect miracles overnight. Lower urate just tilts the odds for fewer flares — it doesn’t guarantee smooth sailing for every patient.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2846208   HPV, Cytology, and Cotest Cervical Cancer Screening and the Risk of Precancer     Let’s start with the basics. For years the Pap test, or cytology, has been the main tool for catching early changes on the cervix. More recently, we’ve added tests that look directly for HPV, the virus that actually causes most cervical cancers. Some places now do both at the same time, called “cotesting.” It sounds like more must be better, right? A big study out of British Columbia followed over eight thousand women for up to ten years after they had both tests done at the same visit. The researchers wanted to know: if your HPV test is negative, does adding that extra Pap result actually help keep you safer in the long run? Here’s what they found. If a woman’s HPV test was positive and her Pap looked abnormal, her chance of developing a significant precancer over time was pretty high, more than 40%. If the HPV test was positive but the Pap looked normal, the risk was lower, but still real—over 20%. Those are the folks we definitely want to follow closely. But once the HPV test was negative, the story changed. Whether the Pap looked normal or a bit off, the risk of serious precancer over the following years stayed very low—well under 5%, and for most women under 1%. In fact, women who were HPV‑negative had almost the same low risk as women whose HPV and Pap were both negative, but adding that Pap test made screening more complicated and more expensive for very little extra benefit. So what does this mean in plain language? If your HPV test is negative, you’re in a very low‑risk group for cervical precancer for many years, even if your Pap result isn’t perfectly pristine. Doing both tests on everyone, every time, doesn’t buy much extra safety, but it does add cost and can lead to more follow‑up procedures that many women don’t actually need.

    18 min
  3. MAR 24

    430. Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Black Box Warning

    Let’s rewind to the early 2000s. Flip phones were cool, low-rise jeans were a crime, and the Women’s Health Initiative—WHI—dropped what became the medical equivalent of a headline: “Hormone Therapy Increases Risk!” The study looked at one very specific regimen: an oral pill with conjugated equine estrogens—yes, horse estrogens—and medroxyprogesterone acetate, or MPA, taken every day by women with an average age of 63. Now, 63 is not “just hit menopause.” That’s about 12 years past menopause for most women. So we were basically taking a therapy usually started around 50, testing it in women in their early 60s, and then pretending that result applied to everyone, at every age, on every dose, with every type of hormone, in every form—patch, pill, gel, ring, cream, you name it. Imagine testing one fast-food burger in 63-year-olds and then announcing: “All food is dangerous. Consider only lettuce, and maybe not too much of that either.” Let’s do a quick myth-versus-reality lightning round. Myth: “All hormone therapy causes breast cancer.”Reality: The best current data do not support a blanket statement like that. In many analyses, especially for women who start near menopause, breast cancer risk is small, nuanced, and depends on the specific regimen and individual risk factors. Estrogen alone has even been associated with lower breast cancer mortality compared to placebo in long-term WHI follow‑up. Myth: “You should take as little as possible for as short as possible, no matter what.”Reality: Your dose and duration should match your symptoms, your risk profile, and your goals. There is no magical stopwatch at 5 years where your body alarms go off. It’s a conversation, not a countdown. Myth: “Vaginal estrogen is as risky as full-body hormone therapy.”Reality: Local vaginal therapies were unfairly swept under the same warning umbrella, despite very different absorption and risk profiles. The new product-specific approach is meant to fix that.

    13 min
  4. MAR 20

    429. Rivaroxaban vs Apixaban = The Battle of the Blood Thinners!

    — rivaroxaban versus apixaban. Yes, folks, this is The Battle of the Blood Thinners! And spoiler alert — one of them came out looking like the overachiever in a safety class... while the other probably needs a little extra padding on its report card. The Setup So here’s the story. For years, observational studies hinted that apixaban — we’ll call it “Api” because we’re friendly like that — might be gentler when it comes to bleeding compared to rivaroxaban — or “Riva,” who sounds like she’d stir drama on a reality show. But now, for the first time ever, we’ve got a head-to-head trial. Picture a randomized cage match… but with 2,800 patients who probably just wanted their deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism treated quietly. These brave participants, average age 58, were split—half got apixaban, half got rivaroxaban. Researchers then followed them for three suspense-filled months. The Results (and the Punchline) Here’s the headline:Clinically relevant bleeding was twice as likely with rivaroxaban compared to apixaban.Yup—7.1% versus 3.3%. That’s a difference big enough to make any hematologist clutch their coffee mug a little tighter. And if you love a good number — the number needed to harm here is 26. That means for every 26 patients you put on rivaroxaban instead of apixaban, one extra person might have a bleeding episode you wish hadn’t happened. Major bleeding? Rivaroxaban also took home that dubious award — 2.4% versus 0.4%.Ouch. That’s like comparing a paper cut to an artery leak.Why the Difference? The researchers think rivaroxaban’s longer initial high-dose period may explain the extra bleeding drama early in treatment.

    9 min
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Join Andrew on a medical rollercoaster as we ask a medical question and answer it based on recent published papers.  

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