In this conversation, I speak with Tina Grotzer, a leading researcher in the learning and cognitive sciences, about what it actually means to learn in a complex world. We begin by unpacking learning not as the simple acquisition of information, but as preparation for future thinking and adaptation. Tina explains how our minds form causal models, why we rely on default patterns, and how real learning often requires the difficult work of unlearning deeply reinforced pathways. As we move deeper, we explore why schooling so often strips away complexity rather than engaging with it. Tina shares research showing that young children are often capable of sophisticated causal reasoning, yet lose this ability over time as education prioritizes efficiency, surface understanding, and right answers. We discuss procedural knowledge, conceptual understanding, and what she calls getting to the structural bones of ideas. This leads to powerful examples from science education, climate change, and everyday reasoning, where oversimplified models prevent meaningful understanding. In the final part of the conversation, we turn to humility, perception, and truth. We examine confirmation bias, attention, and why different people genuinely experience different realities. Tina reflects on the emotional challenge of confronting complexity, the courage it requires to sit with uncertainty, and the importance of communities that support deep conversation. We end by considering how education could better cultivate wonder, courage, and regenerative hope in a world that is increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. Chapter: 00:00 – Introduction and everyday learning stories 03:00 – What learning really means 07:00 – Learning as preparation for future thinking 10:30 – Metacognition and knowing how your mind works 14:00 – Reinforced pathways and the challenge of unlearning 18:00 – Why simple models are so hard to let go 22:00 – Critical exceptions and model revision 26:00 – Procedural versus conceptual knowledge 29:00 – Getting to the structural bones of ideas 33:00 – Perception, attention, and confirmation bias 37:00 – Humility, truth, and different ways of knowing 41:00 – Science, uncertainty, and changing explanations 45:00 – Education, inequality, and responsibility 49:00 – AI, human cognition, and epistemology 53:00 – Courage, complexity, and emotional resilience 57:00 – Essential questions and living curricula