The Nuzzo Letter

James L. Nuzzo

Discussing exercise, men's health, academia, and romantic realism in film. jameslnuzzo.substack.com

  1. MAR 23

    Australia's Manosphere Guide for Teachers

    On March 12, 2026, ABC News in Australia published an article titled, “Teachers, schools given handbook to combat misogynistic behaviour in classrooms.” The article highlighted a new guide published by Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety and Monash University titled, “An Introductory Guide to the Manosphere and the Impacts for Young People, Teachers and Schools.” In this video, Tom Golden and I dissect the guide, highlighting its many flaws. Our discussion ties back to my recent essay/podcast, “Australian Research Council Funds Biased Project on “Anti-Women” Movements,” and to Tom’s recent essay, “The Manosphere Study That Reveals Academic Panic.” See also Janice Fiamengo’s recent essay, “Masculinity Experts “Map the Manosphere” and Find Nothing Good.” Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you! Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    49 min
  2. MAR 4

    Australian Research Council Funds Biased Project on “Anti-Women” Movements

    In the Rubbish Bin of the Weekly Roundup on July 27, 2025, I included a paper published in the journal Men and Masculinities titled, “Mapping of the Neo-Manosphere(s): New Directions for Research.” This paper was authored by Vivian Gerrand, Debbie Ging, Joshua Roose, and Michael Flood. The paper and its authors were supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC). ARC is one of Australia’s main funders of academic research, and its staff are 60-70% female. Joshua Roose is also an investigator on an ARC-funded project titled, “The Far Right: Intellectuals, Masculinity and Citizenship,” while both Roose and Flood are authors of the book, “Masculinity and Violent Extremism,” and they are co-investigators on a second ARC-funded project titled, “Anti-Women Online Movements; Pathways and Patterns of Participation.” This latter four-year project, which is scheduled to end in December of this year, was funded by Australian taxpayers at a level of $400,000. The stated aim of the project is to “understand the influences shaping men’s attraction to anti-women online movements and patterns of participation within them.” Here, my purpose is to briefly highlight the in-built bias in this project (and others like it) and briefly explain where research on such topics is going. First, the project disregards results from polls conducted in Australia and the United States on online abuse and harassment. These polls, several of which were published prior to the project’s start date in December 2022, clearly show that the proportion of women who experience online abuse and harassment is no greater than the proportion of men who experience online abuse and harassment. In fact, results from these polls typically show that men are more likely to report being victims of online abuse and harassment. Second, the project only intends to explore the male perpetrator – female victim paradigm. Data on the female perpetrator – male victim paradigm, the male perpetrator – male victim paradigm, and the female perpetrator – female victim paradigm will presumably not be captured. This means that topics like online misandry and expressed hate toward men will not be examined. Women’s political radicalization on the left will also not be examined, presumably because this political identity matches that of the researchers and the current federal government in Australia. Evidence of this radicalization exists in the form of polling data showing more women moving further to the Left in their political ideology, while men’s political beliefs have remained relatively stable. Also, one recent U.S. survey found that a greater proportion of women than men endorse political violence in the form of targeted murders of President Donald Trump and New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani. But apparently it is the boys and men who are the political extremists in need of re-education! Also, there is no need to speculate on where this academic work is heading, because the activist academics are already telling us. In their 2025 paper in Men and Masculinities, the activist academics wrote: “…the regulation of online platforms must be brought to the fore. Social media ecosystems remain largely unregulated in their amplification of misogynistic content through opaque algorithmic recommendation systems. Government efforts to regulate them have met with fierce resistance and resulted in court cases – and not always successful ones (eSafety Commissioner 2024). Structural interventions must therefore include policy reforms that address not just content moderation, but also the architecture of virality, algorithmic bias, and platform accountability. Such approaches should complement rather than replace educational strategies, recognising that upstream regulation of the digital environment is as crucial to long-term prevention.” “As the manosphere becomes more diverse, politically incoherent, and ideologically unstable - driven predominantly by the whims of algorithmic capitalism - there is an increasingly urgent need to educate boys and men about gendered disinformation, mental health, gender-based abuse and the political economies of social media and influencer culture. This challenge is further complicated by the recent incursion of analyses from the field of evolutionary psychology into this space, as well as some psychotherapists working with boys, who eschew structural analyses of power, insist on immutable sex differences and claim that encouraging boys to express emotion is treating them as ‘defective girls’.” Importantly, the funded projects that I have mentioned are not one-offs. The Australian Communications and Media Authority is now pouring millions more dollars into a program called the eSafety Commissioner’s Preventing Tech-based Abuse of Women Grants Program. The funded projects will, as usual, be biased from the start. They will not acknowledge the lack of sex difference in online abuse victimization, and they will presumably only explore the male perpetration - female victimization paradigm. They will not be open to hearing about boys’ and men’s experiences or life challenges. In essence, the funding will be given to activist academics who will then use to generate one-sided information that the government will then use as rationale for creating sex-biased polices and increasing controls of freedom of expression online. Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you. Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    8 min
  3. FEB 17

    eSafety Commissioner’s Sex-Biased Grants on Online Abuse

    On February 9, 2026, the Australian Communications and Media Authority – an agency within the country’s federal government – announced that it will be awarding several million dollars in grants for its latest taxpayer-funded adventure, the eSafety Commissioner’s Preventing Tech-based Abuse of Women Grants Program. The stated aim of the program is to “improve the safety of Australian women and their children through the prevention of technology-facilitated gender-based violence.” The program’s guidelines, which I have uploaded below, specify that grants will be awarded for prevention initiatives that do one of the following: 1. “address one or more of the drivers of tech-based abuse against women and their children, and/or; 2. aim to challenge and shift the prevailing social norms that contribute to tech-based abuse against women and their children, and/or; 3. promote positive and respectful behaviour and accountability in men and boys that perpetrate or may perpetrate tech-based abuse against women and their children.” Groups who apply for these grants can ask for as much as $400,000, and projects that focus on First Nations women will be given priority. However, just like other grant programs, annual funding allotments, and federal budgets in Australia, the eSafety Commissioner’s program is sex-biased. Earlier this week, I summarized survey data that rebut the common misconception that online abuse and harassment predominantly impact girls and women. Four population-level surveys on online abuse and harassment have been carried out in Australia, and none of them have found that women are more likely than men to experience online abuse or harassment. Two of the surveys found identical rates of online abuse and harassment victimization between Australian men and women, while the other two surveys found victimization rates that were 3-4 percentage points higher in men than women. These surveys were conducted by different types of organizations, including universities, independent research firms, and the Australian Institute of Criminology. Not included in my previous summary was the eSafety Commissioner’s 2022 national survey on Australians’ negative experiences online. The reason that I did not include this survey was because the eSafety Commissioner’s Office suspiciously decided not to present the results in a sex-segregated manner. Therefore, the sex-specific rates of online abuse and harassment identified in that survey remain unknown. The Office’s decision to not present these results in a sex-segregated way is suspicious for at least three reasons. First, women’s health advocates are some of the strongest advocates for sex-segregated data. This advocacy stems from their misguided belief that women have been historically ignored as participants in research studies. Second, if the results from the Office’s survey were to have shown greater female than male victimization, the Office would surely have used those results to communicate an evidence-based need for more attention to girls and women. Third, on the Office’s website for “gendered violence,” data on online abuse and harassment are presented in a sex-segregated way. However, those data come from the 2022 survey published by Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women (ANROWS). The survey by ANROWS found identical rates of ever experiencing online abuse or harassment in men and women, but the eSafety Commissioner’s Office misleads readers on their website by ignoring this inconvenient finding. Instead, the Office focuses only a specific subset of findings in which women reported greater victimization than men. Australia’s eSafety Commissioner’s Office is not alone in shady handling and reporting of data on online abuse and harassment. The United Nations (UN) also regularly engages in these tactics. For example, in 2025, UN Women published a report titled, Tipping Point: The Chilling Escalation of Online Violence Against Women in the Public Sphere. The report stated that 210 men and 641 women were surveyed in this study on online abuse and harassment. Yet, only the results from the female participants were published in the final report. Similarly, in 2021, UN Women published a report titled, Violence Against Women in the Online Space: Insights from a Multi-Country Study in the Arab States. The report stated that approximately 7,000 of the survey’s respondents were men, amounting to 65% of the total sample. Yet, UN Women did not publish the men’s results. With such data reporting methods, one cannot determine whether the women’s rates of online abuse and harassment are greater than the men’s rates, less than the men’s rates, or the same as the men’s rates. Notably, this suppression of male victimization data is common in UN propaganda, and, in 2025, the UN suppressed male victimization data when it made “digital violence” against women its theme for 16 Days of Activism on “gender-based violence.” Consequently, the campaign was described by DAVIA, the Domestic Abuse and Violence International Alliance, as evidence of the UN’s “rampant dishonesty” and its attempts to “smear men and frighten women.” To conclude, suppression of male victimization data is a tactic used by both UN Women and Australia’s eSafety Commissioner’s Office. This tactic is then used to push for more funding into women’s groups and causes. These groups then use the funding to conduct research that includes only female participants. The results are then conveniently used to argue for more attention and funding for women, as male victimization is never even measured. The repeated behavior of male data suppression that underlies all of this is making it increasingly difficult for people to not connect large female employee representation in organizations like UN Women and the Australian Public Service with the non-evidence-based, sex-biased policies and programs that these groups continue to create and advocate for. Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you. Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    9 min
  4. FEB 13

    The Notebook and Romantic Love

    On Christmas Eve 2025, a women’s magazine called Evie Magazine published an article titled, “Why Does Hollywood Keep Telling Women To Pick Broke Men?” The author of the article was Carmen Schober. Schober’s general thesis was that modern Hollywood movies often show women choosing subpar men over better men, with female characters “following their hearts” and pursing a “man-child-turned-hero-fantasy.” Schober argued that modern movies often show women passing on men who would make better longer-term partners – men, who, in the movies, “dressed well, worked hard, [and] did not need to ‘grow up’.” According to Schober, the alternative presented to women in these movies are men who are incompetent, unkempt, and financially insecure. Abstract examples of subpar men given by Schober included “a broke poet with commitment issues, a boyish drifter with no plans for the future, or an eccentric loner obsessed with escaping convention at all costs.” Schober concluded that movies that depict women choosing subpar men over better man are propaganda because research and polling data show that women desire the traits embodied by the men who the women are rejecting in the movies. I agree with Schober that Hollywood movies often portray non-serious men in ways that make them more interesting, important, and desirable than they would be in real life. Actor Kevin Sorbo made broadly similar points in his 2023Fox News article titled, “Let’s make Hollywood manly again,” which Icovered at The Nuzzo Letter. Nevertheless, I think Schober’s aim was off when she critiqued the movie The Notebook. The Notebook and Its Importance The Notebook was a 2004 adaptation of a Nicholas Sparks’ book of the same name. It starred Rachel McAdams as Allie Hamilton, Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun, and James Marsden as Lon Hammond, Jr. The Notebook is adored by many audiences. It has an IMDB rating of 7.8 out of 10, which is solid for a romantic movie in an anti-romantic age. The Notebook also plays at outdoor cinemas in Australia around Valentine’s Day every year, again signalling the movie’s broad appeal. I think the theme and characters of The Notebook warrant careful examination for a couple of reasons. First, I think The Notebook will be central to the eventual romantic counterrevolution in movies. Second, an examination of The Notebook can help people understand their own partner preferences and relationships, which is partly why Schober wrote her article in the first place. Schober’s Argument In her article, Schober argued that Allie should have chosen Lon to be her lifelong partner rather than Noah. However, in arguing this position, Schober made direct claims and indirect suggestions about Noah that were inaccurate. Here, I address these inaccuracies, and I argue that they invalidate Schober’s position and that Allie’s choice of Noah was a rational one. Character Traits One reason that Schober believed that Allie should have picked Lon over Noah is because Lon exhibited the following desirable partner traits: virtuous, successful, respectful, smart, fun, supportive, kind, reliable, fit, and good-looking. By implication, Schober suggested that Noah did not embody these traits or that he embodied these traits to a much lesser extent than did Lon. Yet, there is nothing in the movie that suggests Noah is not virtuous, successful, respectful, smart, fun, supportive, kind, reliable, fit, or good-looking. Noah Was Not “Emotionally Volatile” Schober also argued that another reason Allie should have picked Lon over Noah is because Noah’s character was “emotionally volatile.” However, this claim is not supported by a holistic evaluation of Noah’s character. Noah was kind, funny, passionate, and deeply in love with Allie. To the extent that one wants to claim that Noah’s character was emotionally volatile, perhaps one might cite the scene where Noah kicks the deck chair. Or one might cite the scene where Noah half-heartedly tries to sell the house that he built for Allie, and he pulls out his shotgun when the potential buyer offers him more than his asking price. However, these scenes are used artistically to reinforce Noah’s love for Allie more than they are to show character flaws in Noah. Noah was no danger to Allie, and to the extent that he displayed emotional volatility, it was less than the emotional volatility displayed by Allie. In two different scenes, Allie pushes Noah and slaps his face. Noah did not push or hit Allie in return, and his continued love and devotion toward Allie after these events shows how lucky Allie was to have him as an option for a lifelong partnership. Also, one should not forget Allie’s emotional outbursts when she called Noah a “b*****d” and “son of a b***h,” after he accused her of partnering with Lon because Lon has a lot of money. Finally, Schober’s statement about Noah’s supposed emotional volatility implies that Lon was not emotionally volatile. This implication about Lon is uncertain because Lon and Allie’s relationship received less screen time and spanned fewer and more matured years than Noah and Allie’s relationship. Thus, Lon might have also been emotionally volatile, but we simply did not see enough of him to know. Noah Was Not “Directionless” Schober also claimed that Noah was “directionless for most of the story.” Yet, there is little in the movie to suggest that Noah’s life did not have direction. Noah worked at the lumberyard throughout the movie, and like Lon, Noah served in combat in World War II. Lon was a white-collar professional, whose life trajectory was helped by his family’s “Old Southern money,” whereas Noah came from a working-class background and was raised by his father. However, just because Lon worked in a higher status job and presumably made a higher salary than Noah does not mean that Noah’s life was “directionless.” When not working in the lumberyard, Noah spent much of his time building the house that he had promised Allie – an act of direction and dedication. In fact, when Allie reunited with Noah, and they were in the canoe, Allie told Noah that the house he built, and his commitment to finishing it, were “beautiful.” Finally, to the extent that Noah’s life lacked any degree of direction, it is clear from the story that Allie was the missing piece. Noah Was Devoted to Allie Schober also criticized Noah as being undependable and “a guy who disappears for years.” Schober also expressed frustration with Noah for not reaching out to Allie after building the house for her, adding that Noah “just broods and hopes she’ll come around.” Here, Schober seems to have forgotten the part of the movie where Noah writes Allie one letter each day for a year, which was Noah’s attempt at reconnecting with Allie after she moved away for school. Unfortunately, Allie’s mom stole each of Noah’s letters from the mailbox before Allie could see them. Thus, during that year, Allie was entirely unaware that Noah was reaching out to her. Allie’s mom only shares the letters with Allie later in the movie, after Allie is an adult and engaged to Lon. Because Allie never saw Noah’s letters at the time when they were written, Allie believed that Noah did not love her. Moreover, because Noah assumed that Allie had received the letters, but chose not to respond to them, he assumed that Allie did not love him and did not want to communicate with him. Thus, contrary to Schober’s position, there was no reason for Noah to continue to actively pursue Allie. Noah’s decision to no longer pursue Allie was also reinforced, when, several years after last communicating with Allie, Noah incidentally saw her with Lon in the restaurant in Charleston. Nevertheless, even after all that, Noah still built the house that he had promised Allie, and his physical actions in building the house were likely the masculine expressions of his emotions. Finally, if Schober was broadly suggesting that Noah was not adequately devoted to Allie, then her understanding of The Notebookis wildly out of touch. Noah’s devotion to Allie was one of movie’s central themes! Two Great Choices The reality is that Allie had two great men to choose from, and the evidence that Allie chose well with Noah is written into the story. The movie depicts the moment that Allie and Noah first met, the moment they died together, and many moments in between. Allie and Noah remained married until their simultaneous deaths, and they had three children together. Thus, an odd aspect of Schober’s position is that the story itself shows viewers the evidence that Allie made a great choice, because the movie depicts their relationship until its very end. Had Allie chosen Lon, she would have also likely had a generally good life. In fact, the script is so well written that it informs viewers of what this counterfactual situation would have been. The movie suggests that the relationship between Allie and Lon will be like the relationship between Allie’s mother and Allie’s father, with Lon turning out to be like Allie’s father. We know that this is the likely counterfactual situation because of the scene where Allie’s mother drives Allie to the construction site. In that scene, Allie’s mother shows Allie the man that she passionately loved when she was Allie’s age. Allie’s mother admits that she sometimes drives to the site just to watch the man work and to contemplate about how different her life might have been had she married that man rather than Allie’s father. This scene also connects back to the scene where Allie was younger and was caught being out late with Noah. During that scene, Allie’s mother calls Noah “trash” and tells Allie that she needs to stop seeing Noah. Young Allie fired back at her mother, telling her mother that she does not look at, touch, or play with Allie’s father the same way that Allie does t

    25 min
  5. FEB 4

    Research Ethics Matter Now That Women Are Exercise Study Participants

    In April of 2025, the Journal of Academic Ethics published a paper titled, “Exercise Science Students as Research Participants in Faculty-Led Research: An Ethical Dilemma.” The paper was written by two kinesiologists or biomechanists in the United States: Nicole Rendos and Christopher Wilburn. In their paper, which was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Rendos and Wilburn put forward the idea that exercise science students are vulnerable to coercion to participate in research experiments because those experiments are often conducted by the students’ lecturers or supervisors. I agree with the overall premise of Rendos and Wilburn’s paper. For many years, I have observed some exercise science faculty and postgraduate students coercing students to participate in experiments. I have never witnessed overt coercion that involved students being punished or threatened with punishment for not participating in experiments. Instead, the coercion has been more subtle. It has been more like “nudges” that ramp up the pressure to participate or strategies that “trap” the individual into feeling that they need to participate. On multiple occasions, I have witnessed researchers (often postgraduate students) directly approaching other students or researchers at their desks and asking if they want to participate in a specific experiment. In these cases, I have never witnessed someone being threatened with punishment if they reject the offer. But clearly there is a difference between being approached spontaneously in person versus reading about a volunteer opportunity through an advertisement. The direct approach is further problematic because students are sometimes approached while sitting in offices that they share with other students. The student who is approached might be feel pressured to say “yes” because they know others are overhearing their response. In fact, the researcher may be approaching all the students in the office. Thus, a student may feel pressured to say “yes” because other students in the office are saying “yes.” Another technique that is sometimes used to ratchet up the pressure to participate in a study is to email individual people requesting their participation. I have received several emails like this over my time in academia. A key reason why these pressure-to-participate techniques sometimes occur in exercise science departments is because postgraduate student researchers are under pressure to finish projects by thesis deadlines, and most exercise science projectes are not funded by big research grants. Consequently, these departments have little or no money to pay individuals to participate in experiments. Then, because there is little incentive for individuals to take time out of their schedules to run on a treadmill until exhaustion or get their nerves zapped, finding participants becomes difficult. Professors and postgraduate students then apply pressure on students to participate. Poor project management and decision making also play a role. For example, professors often put their postgraduate students in binds by asking them to complete projects that are unfeasible given the lack of money, resources, and individuals who are willing and eligible to participate. Thus, I commend Rendos and Wilburn for discussing the issue of coerced participation in exercise experiments, though I think the argument would be strengthened by survey data of exercises science students, asking them how often they have felt coerced to participate in experiments. Rendos and Wilburn cite relevant findings from psychology students, but they represent a unique cohort, because, somehow, the field of psychology has, for many years, been allowed to have students participate in experiments as part of their requirements. Nevertheless, I want to call out Rendos and Wilburn on the aspect of their paper that dealt with the sex of exercise research participants. A main driver of their paper was an observation that women are now more frequently serving as participants in exercise studies than in the past. Consequently, the authors want to ensure that female exercise science students are protected and treated ethically. “…the push for increased female representation in exercise science research and the perception that female exercise science students are more willing participants - make these students a prime recruitment target by faculty principal investigators. However, when these faculty members also hold an evaluative position over female exercise science students, such targeted recruitment may create a coercive dynamic, pressuring students to participate rather than allowing them to make a fully voluntary decision.” The authors continued: “The power imbalance between faculty researchers and students…may unintentionally pressure students to volunteer to participate in exercise science research. Female exercise science students may be even more vulnerable, as their interest in exercise aligns with the efforts to address the historical under-representation of women in exercise science research.” I highlight Rendos and Wilburn’s comments for two reasons. First, within exercise science, there continues to be a lack of appreciation for what men from the past have done for the field – both as researchers and participants. Rendos and Wilburn’s article fits within this trend because, if indeed there are issues regarding coercion in exercise experiments, then presumably these issues were just as bad if not worse in the past, when men were more often the participants. In 2025, the Journal of Applied Physiology – one of the most important journals in the history of exercise science – published an audit of its archives. The auditors found that males were 66% of participants. From this, the auditors went on to predict how many years would be required to have a level of female participation that would make up for all “missing” female data from earlier years. However, the auditors’ view was one of the glass being half empty. The auditors took the all-too-common position that their findings reflect some form of female victimization or disadvantage, as early researchers were supposedly not concerned about women’s health. Such auditors never seem to consider what life today would be like without all the men who volunteered in, or perhaps were coerced into participating in, the earliest and riskiest experiments. Such auditors never seem to consider that what happened in the past was not so much about female discrimination – though some may have existed – instead, it demonstrates the uniqueness of men. This uniqueness of men is the glass half full perspective of this research history. It acknowledges that history is not perfect but that much knowledge obtained from male participants is indeed applicable to women, and many men were the first to serve as participants in the earliest and riskiest research. The second reason why I have highlighted Rendos and Wilburn’s article is that I think we will see more articles like theirs in the future. As more women coordinate and participate in exercise experiments, concerns over participant safety is likely to be heightened, which may result in further research ethics bureaucracy. Moreover, we are likely to continue to see more audits of female representation in exercise experiments. If current trends remain, when researchers discover lower female than male representation, they will likely say that early researchers did not care about women and their health. Along the way, these future auditors will fail to acknowledge the importance of male participation in experiments and what it would have meant to participate in earlier, riskier experiments. Moving forward, my hope is that the new wave of female exercise scientists, who seem dedicated to auditing every nook and cranny of the exercise science literature to identify female “underrepresentation”, will take a moment to reflect upon all the men from decades gone by who have driven exercise research – both as researchers and participants. By studying the history of the field with an open mind – and not one hellbent on declaring discrimination against women – one will likely learn to express humility and gratitude toward the men who built the field. Moreover, by studying the history of the field’s researchers and participants, this new wave of female exercise scientists can also learn many interesting things about the history of female researchers, female participants, and women’s health. They can learn that girls and women were not ignored in early exercise-related research. Their frequent participation has been documented. Conclusion Rendos and Wilburn proposed policies that they believe will reduce the likelihood of exercise science students feeling coerced to participate in experiments. They recommended that institutions implement polices that “prohibit faculty from recruiting students they directly evaluate; require third-party recruitment and data collection methods, such as research offices or neutral faculty members; provide truly equivalent alternatives to research participation, ensuring participants do not perceive them as more burdensome; and educate students on their right to decline participation without academic consequence.” I will add the following recommendations. First, recruitment of participants should occur in a generalized not individualized manner. Directly approaching individuals, whether in person or via email, should be discouraged. Instead, recruitment should occur via paper advertisements posted around campus, digital advertisements sent out via department, school, or university mass email lists, and digital advertisements posted on social media. General announcements made in classes are also appropriate so long as the experiment being advertised is not the lecturer’s and so long as the students under

    14 min
  6. JAN 29

    Rejecting the Gynocentric Approach to Paternity Leave

    On December 22 of 2025, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published a tweet about paternity leave and its purposes. In the tweet, the OECD said: “Paid leave for fathers is expanding, but it remains underused. When fathers take paternal leave, it leads to more equal caregiving, higher workforce participation among mothers, and greater gender equality at work.” Similarly, on July 25, 2023, OECD published a tweet that said: “Women often do the brunt of unpaid work at home, making it harder to advance their careers. Governments should grant paternity leave and employers should encourage fathers to take it. This would help create a more equal workplace.” A link embedded in the 2025 tweet takes one to an OECD policy brief in October 2025, which provides more details on the group’s views on paternity leave. The policy brief, is titled “Paid leave for fathers: Recent OECD policy trends,” expresses the same sentiments as in the tweets. For example, one of the brief’s “key messages” is that “[f]athers’ leave benefits not only parents and children but also promote gender equality.” This point is expanded upon later in the brief: “Fathers’ use of leave benefits not only parents and children but also promotes a more equal division of care responsibilities and other unpaid work at home and supports gender equality in the workplace, fairness and women’s economic self-efficiency.” Besides these stated benefits of greater “gender equality” at work and more equal sharing of care responsibilities, the OECD also proposed the following as benefits of paternity leave: improved communication and stronger emotional bonds between fathers and their children; greater overall life satisfaction for both parents, especially mothers; greater mobilization of women’s labour to underpin economic growth; and reduced gender-based discrimination in the workplace and reduced likelihood that only women take leave, thereby mitigating the “motherhood penalty.” Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) The OECD’s tweets and brief reminded me of similar information that I had recently seen on the website of Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency when I was conducting research on the sex composition of their employees. On their webpage, titled “Paternal Leave for Men,” the Agency has a section labelled, “Benefits for men taking paid parental leave.” The Agency then lists the following benefits for men: 1. helps normalise working fatherhood, reducing stigma and penalties faced by working mothers; 2. greater engagement with children and stronger relationships partners; 3. improved mental health for fathers and their partners; 4. potential to reduce employers’ gender pay gaps; 5. would lead to a boost to national GDP…due to increased women’s workforce participation; 6. employers benefit from attracting and retaining talent. Remarkably, in the list of six items that were apparently intended to convince men about how paternity leave would benefit them, Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency only listed three that are direct benefit to fathers. These included “greater engagement with children and stronger relationships with partners,” “improved mental health for fathers,” and “normalising working fatherhood.” However, even those items had caveats about how mothers would also be helped. Then, there were the three items on the “benefits for men” list that were clearly not benefits for men. They were benefits for women and employers. On the same webpage, the Agency took a stab at discussing “barriers to men taking paternity leave.” However, the Agency ultimately laid blame on “persistent gender norms,” which is somewhat insulting to husbands and wives who make conscientious decisions about how to structure their lives in ways they deem best. They do not make decisions based on the desires of feminist theorists or the staff at Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency, who are 77% female. Gynocentric Versus Androcentric Approach to Men’s Well-Being In 2023, I wrote an essay in which I warned about the gynocentric approach to men’s issues, including paternity leave. The gynocentric approach involves using a men’s issue to advocate for better outcomes for women. I warned that this abuse of men’s issues would become more frequent because the epidemiological data on poor outcomes in men are becoming increasingly known, and this leaves academics and health officials scrambling to find ways to realign these data with their pre-existing ideology, and to ensure that women are still the primary beneficiaries of policies. The content published by the OECD and Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency reveal that these two groups have adopted the gynocentric approach to paternity leave, as both groups framed paternity leave primarily as a women’s well-being issue. The opposite to the gynocentric approach to men’s issues is the androcentric approach. The androcentric approach views men and their well-being as ends in themselves. In the androcentric approach, men are not used as pawns to improve outcomes for women or to create “gender equality.” In the case of paternity leave, the androcentric approach would state unapologetically what a man gains from taking paternity leave. This involves first explaining to the father how his time off work with his child and wife is important to his life. Second, this involves explaining to the father that his unique contributions qua father also benefit his child and wife. In other words, the father’s selfish interest in taking paternity leave is linked to him knowing that his contributions qua father actually matter to his child, wife, and society. The pitch of his voice; the way he looks at the baby; the way hisstrong hands touch, hold, and play with the baby – these are all things that are unique to him as a father. Then, there is the unique way that he can care for his recovering wife. These are all irreplicable contributions that a father can make. Yet, because the OECD and Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency are beholden to feminist theory, neither are willing to communicate these things to fathers in an explicit and unapologetic way. Any attempts that are made are done in half-hearted way, layered in qualifiers or subclauses about “gender equality.” Importantly, the androcentric approach to men’s issues does not mean “bad for women.” Quite the contrary. If a man understands his unique role in child development, and he feels that his role is valued, he will, presumably, be more inclined to take paternity leave and feel a high level of self-efficacy after he successfully completes the mission. The benefits received by women and society are secondary consequences of the man acting in his own interest. A man taking paternity leave out of his own interest is an important philosophical distinction from the gynocentric approach to men’s issues because it protects men from being viewed as a sacrificial animal across various domains of life. Conclusion In conclusion, the gynocentric approach to paternity leave is bad marketing. Telling a man to take paternity leave to reduce the “gender pay gap” is not an effective communications strategy. It amounts to virtue signalling from the group putting it forward, and it misunderstands incentives for human action. It indicates to the father that he is not truly valued, which will likely cause him to become resentful about the idea. Instead, if the goal is to get more men to take a certain action, the reasons for taking that action should be communicated to him in an explicit and male-centric way. Framing paternity leave in a gynocentric way is disrespectful to men. Faming it in an androcentric way has the greatest potential to help men, their wives, their children, and society. Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you. Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    11 min
  7. JAN 19

    Backlash Against the Backlash

    On the same day that United States (U.S.) President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would no longer fund United Nations (UN) Women and several other UN entities, Foreign Affairs published an article by Saskia Brechenmacher, titled “How to Save the Fight for Women’s Rights: The Backlash Against Democracy Calls for New Strategies.” Brechenmacher, who is a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, started her article by discussing the “backlash” against feminist movements in 2025, citing a press release from the UN along the way. Brechenmacher then presented a “new template for action” to counter this backlash. Brechenmacher’s template consisted of the following recommendations for feminist groups": 1. Use “multilateral forums.” (By this, Brechenmacher presumably means the UN and ideologically similar international organizations.) 2. Focus on local level collaborations rather than efforts that are “solely technical and elite-driven.” (That Brechenmacher mentioned the “elitist” nature of previous “gender equality” efforts is an interesting admission.) 3. Invest in initiatives that include men and boys. 4. Connect messaging about women’s empowerment to family well-being, community resilience, and economic stability. 5. Strengthen democratic institutions. 6. Engage with “coalitions of the willing,” which Brechenmacher defines as “smaller circles of governments, civil society groups, and private sector actors that collaborate to tackle specific hurdles to gender equality.” Brechenmacher then lists specific issues that she believes these smaller coalitions should focus on. The examples included: “expanding access to reproductive health care, improving childcare and eldercare systems, tackling young men’s online radicalization, and ensuring artificial intelligence tools are designed and deployed with attention to their different effects on women and men.” Here, Brechenmacher also highlighted the Global Partnership for Action on Gender-Based Online Harassment and Abuse, which started under the Biden White House in 2022 as a coalition of governments, international organizations, and private companies whose aim was to combat technology-facilitated gender-based violence. Though not stated explicitly, a likely key player in Brechenmacher’s new template for action is UN Women. UN Women was one of the informers of the Global Partnership for Action on Gender-Based Online Harassment and Abuse, and at the end of 2025, UN Women, and the UN more broadly, went on a biased, weeks-long “digital violence” campaign, which refused to acknowledge that boys and men face just as much online abuse and harassment as girls and women. Brechenmacher and UN Women also share broadly similar views on the “backlash against gender equality.” In 2025, UN Women regularly commented on X about this “backlash,” and toward the end of the year, the UN co-sponsored a meeting of the International Gender Champions (IGC) network. The aim of the meeting was to have a “critical conversation on advancing equality amid a rising tide of organized opposition.” The meeting centred around a report that was published by UN Women and the UN Research Institute for Social Development titled, “Understanding Backlash Against Gender Equality: Evidence, Trends and Policy Responses.” Similar, to Brechenmacher’s article, the report says what the feminist playbook is going to look like in 2026. Before revealing that playbook, UN Women’s report first defined what the backlash is. According to UN Women, the backlash is “deliberate, organized attempts to roll back established commitments, rights and achievements in gender equality, women’s rights and women’s empowerment as defined in a given local, national, regional or global context.” UN Women then identified the people behind the backlash as “networks of old and new conservative actors and men’s rights activists,” who are “rallying around the fight against “gender ideology”” and who are funded by faith-based organizations, conservative religious institutions, far-right politic parties and actors, philanthropic foundations, civil society organizations and high-net-worth individuals. Then, in an ironic act of projection, UN Women accused these groups of using “emotionally laden slogans” that “exploit” the public’s concerns and “[feed] a sense of ‘moral panic’ in societies around highly sensitive…social and economic problems..” The report continues along these lines: “After instilling a sense of urgency and stoking a moral outcry, anti-gender campaigns position the strengthening of the “traditional family” and/or “the nation” as the solution to social and economic ills. Their vision proposes a return to a real or imagined past where gender hierarchies were accepted and “traditional family models” were based on what they consider to be “natural”, binary and complementary gender roles and identities. Candidates and authorities strategically use these slogans and campaigns to gain or perpetuate themselves in power and divert public attention from their failures in other areas.” Finally, in the report, UN Women provided its readers with recommendations on how to counter the backlash against “gender equality.” Their recommendations were broadly similar to those proposed by Brechenmacher. A few examples included: 1. “Strengthen broad-based coalitions across countries and in intergovernmental spaces to win over leaders in the “moveable middle””; 2. “[E]nsure human rights and gender equality language is preserved and advanced”; 3. “[S]afeguard gender issues from undue polarization”; 4. “Eliminate, prevent and respond to all forms of intimidation, persecution and violence directed at women in public life, including politicians, journalists and activists, in online and offline spaces”; 5. “Promote and cultivate capacities to develop positive narratives on strategic issues that can expand the reach of feminist and human rights ideas… Positive narratives can, for instance, highlight the benefits gender equality gains bring to wider communities or cast key terms such as “family”, “life” or “care”, used by conservative actors in narrow ways, in a new light”; 6. “Reinforce and create new safe spaces to boost solidarity where feminists can share innovative practices of resistance and assess their effectiveness across settings”; 7. “Support and amplify emerging research on feminist strategies and practices to resist and push forward for gender equality, to understand what works, in which contexts and why.” In conclusion, feminist leaders are saying out loud what their plan is for 2026. Their base will continue to be large international organizations, and they will target specific issues at a local level. They are going to modify their messaging to be more family friendly, and they are going to continue to try to “engage with boys and men,” with continued focus on “young men’s online radicalization.” They are also planning to continue their campaign on “digital violence” against girls and women. This campaign is going to try to protect female politicians and journalists from justified criticisms of poor performance and will reframe such criticisms as harassment or misogyny. However, the problem for feminist groups in 2026 is going to be their continued unwillingness to listen, learn, and genuinely reform. Framing legitimate criticisms of their work as “backlash” against “gender equality” is not going to work, and no new “template for action” is going to resolve their unwanted messages, their untenable ideas, their tone deafness, and their misdirected moral compass. The U.S. is leading the way in saying that “enough is enough” from these groups. In January of 2026, the U.S. announcedthat it would no longer fund UN Women. Later in the month, Israel followed suit, and perhaps some other countries will now also find it easier to cut ties with UN Women. This stranglehold on the money supply to entities like UN Women is the fundamental solution to having more rational and fair discussions about both men’s and women’s issues. Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you. Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    12 min
  8. JAN 13

    Researchers Left in the Dark

    Many readers of The Nuzzo Letter have probably heard of academic peer review, but few are likely to have ever participated in the process or have viewed it from the inside. Here, my aim is to show readers what a journal’s submission portal looks like and explain how authors are often left in the dark regarding the status of their paper submissions. Below, I have posted a screenshot of a submission portal for a journal where I currently have a paper under review. The journal is associated with one of the major academic publishers. The title of my paper, which can be seen in the screenshot, is “Sex Differences in Sit-and-Reach Flexibility in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.” I have made a pre-print of this paper available at SportRxiv, and I have written a blog about the results at The Nuzzo Letter. (It is one of the papers associated with my GoFundMe drive for research on childhood sex differences in physical performance.) Not all publishers or journals use the same software for their submission portals. Nevertheless, many of the indicators in the portals are similar across journals, and these indicators give authors imprecise information about the status of their paper. In the screenshot below, one can see the title of my paper and the identification number that the journal has assigned to it. Likely “25” in the identification number represents the year 2025, and “00200” in the identification number likely indicates that my paper was the 200th paper submitted to the journal in 2025. We can also see that the initial date that I submitted the paper to the journal was March 4, 2025. Thus, my paper has been under review at the journal for over 10 months! Importantly, the 10-month wait is only for the initial round of reviews. Because papers often undergo two or three rounds of reviews, and each round takes a few months, the final version of this paper is a long way away from appearing on the internet. In the screenshot, one can also see columns labelled “status date” and “current status.” The “current status” of my paper is labelled as “under review.” Yet, my paper has had this status designation for many months, and I have no idea how far along the paper is in the review process. The label “under review” could mean four things: 1. The paper is still with the editor and has yet to be sent out for review. 2. The editor has decided that the paper is suitable for review at the journal and is now searching for other academics to review the paper. 3. Reviewers have been identified by the editor, and the reviewers are currently reading and evaluating the paper. 4. The reviewers have returned their comments to the editor, but those comments are sitting unread in the editor’s inbox. The “status date” of September 7, 2025, suggests that some action occurred on the paper on that date, but I have no idea what action that was, and I have no idea why no further action has occurred on the paper in the past five months. Was September 7th, the date that the editor started contacting potential reviewers? Was it the date that one of the reviewers decided to review the paper? Was it the date that Reviewer 1 returned their comments to the editor? Was it the date that Reviewer 2 returned their comments to the editor? My colleagues and I have submitted dozens of papers to dozens of different journals over the years, and I can attest that many of us operate in a state of confusion and uncertainty regarding the status of our papers. Consequently, we often end up sending semi-regular emails to editorial offices, requesting status updates. We often receive copied and pasted replies, which are largely uninformative. The responses that we receive are often along the lines of: “As you know, peer review is a voluntary system, and sometimes, it can take time to identify willing reviewers.” Many of the email replies that we receive from editorial offices also give off a tone that suggests no one in the editorial office is particularly concerned about how long the review process is taking. For my current paper, I have emailed the editorial office multiple times. In these emails, I have requested updates on the status of my paper, and, in one email, I even went out of my way to send the editorial office the names and email addresses of approximately 20 individuals who I thought might be interested in reviewing my paper. The response I received from office staff amounted to: “Thank you. I will pass this along to the editor, but we do have our own process of selecting reviewers.” Well, clearly that process is not working! Problems with Peer Review Academic peer review is a mess, and the current model is not serving the best interests of academia or the public. A full examination of the many problems in academic peer review is not my purpose here, but a few of these problems do warrant mention. First, review times are too slow. I have had papers under review for 1.5 and 2 years. My current paper has already been under review for 10 months, which means that it is on similar timeline for publication as these previous papers. Moreover, this only accounts for the review time at a given journal. Sometimes, papers go through review at multiple journals before they are published. For example, my current paper was previously rejected by a different journal after undergoing review at that journal for several months. Ultimately, these long reviews delay the time from the when the researcher has new results from the time that the public is made aware of the new results. Pre-prints were developed to address this issue, but the underlying issue of slow review times remains. Second, some reviewers are unqualified, biased, or otherwise incompetent. Based on reviewer comments that I have received over the years, it is clear to me that some reviewers struggle with reading comprehension. This can entail not understanding specific comments made in papers but it can also include not understanding the larger context surrounding a paper’s theme. Yet, this lack of understanding does not prevent reviewers from outright “rejecting” papers or making longs lists of suggested edits that do not make sense given the aim of the paper. Ideological bias among reviewers can also be a problem. Crazily, one reviewer once commented on one of my papers: “data be damned…perceptions trump data.” Moreover, bias and incompetence among peer reviewers is likely to only get worse in the coming years due the emphasis placed on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in academic hiring and in outfitting editorial boards at academic journals. Finally, some other problems that exist in peer review include crazy papers getting through peer review; reviewers taking too long to return their reviews after they agree to provide them; and reviewers not getting paid by for-profit publishers for their time and labor in reviewing papers. Reform Reform in academic peer review is necessary. What that reform should be is a matter of debate, but I am in favor of a system in which authors do not submit their papers to journals but instead publish their papers on publicly-accessible platforms. On these platforms, people who have profiles can comment on papers (i.e., provide reviews). This would be like Amazon reviews or any other public forum where people comment on things. The authors can then engage with the commenters, if they wish. If major errors are found, updated versions of the paper can be uploaded to the platform. After a certain amount of time passes, a “final” version of the paper can be made available to the public via the same platform. Academic papers that are funded by taxpayers should not be published in for-profit journals who place the papers behind subscription paywalls. Related Content at The Nuzzo Letter SUPPORT THE NUZZO LETTER If you appreciated this content, please consider supporting The Nuzzo Letter with a one-time or recurring donation. Your support is greatly appreciated. It helps me to continue to work on independent research projects and fight for my evidence-based discourse. To donate, click the DonorBox logo. In two simple steps, you can donate using ApplePay, PayPal, or another service. Thank you. Thanks for reading The Nuzzo Letter! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit jameslnuzzo.substack.com

    11 min

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Discussing exercise, men's health, academia, and romantic realism in film. jameslnuzzo.substack.com