In this episode of This, Again, we trace the evolution of cults from the obvious monsters of the 1960s and 70s, the Manson Family, Jonestown, and Heaven’s Gate, to the respectable reinventions of the 1980s and 90s like NXIVM, Scientology, and multi-level marketing empires. What do these groups share beneath the costumes, the jargon, and the business cards? The same psychological mechanics: obedience, conformity, charisma, sunk cost fallacy, and the intoxicating promise of belonging. Drawing on scholars like Robert Lifton, Margaret Singer, Janja Lalich, Steven Hassan, and Philip Zimbardo, I explore how cult leaders weaponize trust and how ordinary people, people like us, become devoted enough to give up their freedom, their money, even their lives. And by the end, we land on a harder question. If the robes and UFOs were easy to spot, what happens when cult dynamics put on a suit and walk into the boardroom? This is Part 1 of a two-part series. In Part 2, we move into the modern era, where cult dynamics no longer stand out at all, but blend into our feeds, our fandoms, and our politics. Attribution Notes: Every effort was made to cross-check primary sources and modern research. Where paraphrasing is used, it’s drawn from the texts below with narrative license for clarity and flow. If you spot an error or have a source to suggest, DM @thisagainshow Follow This, Again on Instagram: @thisagainshow This, Again is written, produced, and hosted by Mallory Faust. Books and Major Works Cited Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. New York: Harper Business, 1984. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/influence-robert-b-cialdini. Hassan, Steven. Combating Cult Mind Control: The #1 Best-Selling Guide to Protection, Rescue, and Recovery from Destructive Cults. Freedom of Mind Press, 2015. https://freedomofmind.com/product/combating-cult-mind-control/. Lalich, Janja, and Madeleine Tobias. Take Back Your Life: Recovering from Cults and Abusive Relationships. Berkeley: Bay Tree Publishing, 2006. https://baytreepublishing.com/take-back-your-life/. Lifton, Robert Jay. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of Brainwashing in China. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961. https://uncpress.org/book/9780807845045/thought-reform-and-the-psychology-of-totalism/. Singer, Margaret Thaler, and Janja Lalich. Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Cults+in+Our+Midst%3A+The+Continuing+Fight+Against+Their+Hidden+Menace%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780787953729. Swann, William B., Jr., and Colleagues. Identity Fusion: The Interplay of Personal and Social Identity in Extreme Group Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. (Foundational research summary). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/identity-fusion-9780199604481. Historical and Case Sources Bugliosi, Vincent. Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders. New York: Norton, 1974. https://wwnorton.com/books/Helter-Skelter/. Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison: A Jonestown Survivor’s Story of Life and Death in the People’s Temple. New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2006. Seductive Poison by Deborah Layton: 9780385489843 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books Academic Studies and Classic Social Psychology Festinger, Leon. “A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.” Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | Stanford University Press Janis, Irving L. Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. Victims Of GROUPTHINK Irving L. Janis Milgram, Stanley. “Behavioral Study of Obedience.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67, no. 4 (1963): Behavioral Study of Obedience / by Stanley Milgram. - University of Texas at Austin Zimbardo, Philip G. “The Stanford Prison Experiment: A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment.” Naval Research Reviews 30, no. 9 (1973): 4-17. Stanford Prison Experiment Authoritative Summaries and Reporting on Cults “Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple.” PBS. Watch Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple | American Experience | Official Site | PBS “Heaven’s Gate Cult: Members Found Dead.” History.com. Heaven's Gate cult members found dead | March 26, 1997 | HISTORY “Scientology: What It Is, Facts and History.” BBC News. “Multi-Level Marketing Schemes and How They Work.” Federal Trade Commission. Multi-Level Marketing Businesses and Pyramid Schemes | Consumer Advice Psychology Theory Summaries Swann, William B., Jamie L. Jetten, and Colleagues. “Identity Fusion: The Role of Shared Identity in Extreme Group Behavior.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 1 (2009): 38-42. Identity Fusion on JSTOR Festinger, Leon, Henry W. Riecken, and Stanley Schachter. When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956. When prophecy fails : a social and psychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world : Festinger, Leon, 1919-1989 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive