How did America move from the religious pluralism of the founding era to the “Judeo-Christian consensus” of the twentieth century? Why did that consensus begin to fracture? In this episode of This Constitution, Matthew Brogdon continues his conversation with James Patterson, associate professor of public affairs at the Institute for American Civics at the University of Tennessee. They explore how religious pluralism evolved during the twentieth century as immigration, world wars, and political movements reshaped the nation’s religious landscape. They begin the conversation with the massive immigration waves of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which dramatically expanded America’s Catholic population while also bringing German Lutherans, Scandinavian Protestants, and other religious communities. These demographic shifts sparked political battles over public education, sectarian funding, and the role of religion in civic life, illustrating how deeply religious differences shaped American politics. The discussion then delves into the emergence of the “Judeo-Christian consensus” after World War II. Influential figures such as Archbishop Fulton Sheen and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. helped articulate a vision of American public life in which Protestants, Catholics, and Jews could cooperate while maintaining distinct theological traditions. The conversation wraps up with an examination of our present moment: the resurgence of religious affiliation after decades of decline, the arrival of significant Muslim and Hindu populations, and the internal tensions within contemporary conservatism between what Brogdon calls ‘South Park conservatives’ and religious traditionalists. The First Amendment consensus, they suggest, remains very much a work in progress. In This Episode (00:00) Introduction and recap of previous episode(01:11) Religious diversity and immigration in the 20th century(04:31) Post–Civil War religious conflicts and school controversies(07:43) Religious violence and media adaptation(09:15) Rise of the Judeo-Christian consensus(11:36) Jewish immigration and inclusion(13:03) Visionary leadership and civil religion(15:00) Religious leaders and the civil rights movement(16:21) Rise of the Moral Majority and partisan religion(21:02) Changing religious and political dynamics(22:28) Media, technology, and generational shifts(25:40) Increasing religious diversity beyond Judeo-Christianity(26:18) Religion, politics, and the Trump era(29:37) Internal tensions among conservatives(30:40) Summary and end of conversationNotable Quotes (01:18) "Even though we're a very religious people, we've got broad freedom to form our own associations and worship freely." — Matthew Brogdon(05:41) "The reason why this was such a harm isn't just because I'm a partisan of Catholicism, but it actually contributes directly to the ignorance of the population." — James Patterson(15:32) "We can't meet in the same pew, the same church, but we can all meet on our knees in prayer." — James Patterson(17:53) "American government is of the people, by the people, and for the people. And at the moment, in spite of the people." — Jerry Falwell (quoted in discussion)(25:05) “American religious institutions have been very adept at using either old but still effective technology or using new technology to reach souls." — James Patterson(30:30) "We have religious pluralism in America. We have great religious diversity in the country. And across those lines, we typically have a very strong attachment. You call it a sort of First Amendment consensus, a strong attachment to the idea that government doesn't tell us what to believe and how to worship." — Matthew Brogdon