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  1. 12分钟前

    第2761期:The science of making fruits and veggies last longer(4)

    So thinking about replacing a standard waxing step, for example.比如说,可以考虑用这种方式来取代传统的水果打蜡工序。 We've made good progress since those early days in the garage. We've established a supply chain for responsibly sourced, high-purity ingredients. We've demonstrated safety and effectiveness to regulators in the US, the European Union and more than 40 additional countries around the world. And while we're still relatively small and early in our journey, we have a presence in about 10 markets worldwide.自从在车库里起步的那些早期日子以来,我们已经取得了显著的进展。我们建立了一个负责任的供应链,能够提供高纯度的原料。我们向美国、欧盟以及全球40多个国家的监管机构证明了这一方法的安全性与有效性。虽然我们依然是一个相对小型、处于早期阶段的公司,但如今我们已经进入了全球约10个市场。 What I'm most proud of, though, it's why we got into all of this in the first place. And that is that since 2021, when we started measuring, we've prevented 166 million pieces of produce from going to waste. In doing that, that's avoided the emissions of more than 29,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to planting 485,000 trees and saved almost seven billion liters of water, or enough to fill 2,800 Olympic-sized swimming pools.让我最自豪的,其实正是我们最初投入这一切的原因。自从2021年开始有数据统计以来,我们已经阻止了1.66亿件农产品的浪费。这样做避免了超过29,000公吨的温室气体排放,相当于种植了48.5万棵树,并节省了近70亿升水——足够填满2,800个奥运标准泳池。 Thank you.谢谢大家。 What we're also excited about is the opportunity to add a little extra peel to help small growers get their unique varieties of fruits and vegetables to market with more confidence. This is especially important in places that don't have widespread or reliable access to refrigeration, like with these regional mango varieties. This could mean that a greater diversity of fruits and vegetables could be more available to more people.我们同样感到兴奋的是,这项技术还能帮助小型种植户,把他们独特的水果和蔬菜品种更有信心地推向市场。尤其是在那些缺乏广泛或可靠冷藏条件的地区,比如某些地区特有的芒果品种。这就意味着,将来更多样化的水果和蔬菜能被更多人享用。 The work, though, is far from done. We've unfortunately encountered food and agriculture companies that have a really hard time seeing past the food waste status quo. "Shrink," as it's called in the industry, it's just accepted as a normal part of doing business. And disappointingly, we’ve had some folks -- producers, packers and retailers -- tell us, "Well, the waste bin is kind of my best friend. The more that people throw away, the more they have to come back and buy again."不过,这项工作距离完成还很遥远。不幸的是,我们遇到过一些食品和农业公司,他们很难突破对“食物浪费”的固有认知。在业内,“Shrink”(损耗)被认为是经营活动中的正常部分。更令人失望的是,一些生产商、包装商和零售商甚至直言:“垃圾桶算是我的好朋友。人们扔掉的越多,他们就得回来买得越多。”

    2 分钟
  2. 1天前

    第2760期:The science of making fruits and veggies last longer(3)

    So we took a test batch of material that we made using leftover tomato peels, since those are rich in these fatty acids and glycerides. We dipped those limes in a bowl of these ingredients in water and set them aside to dry. And then we waited. And we saw that we could add an extra week of freshness to these limes.↳于是,我们利用番茄加工后剩下的番茄皮制作了一批测试材料,因为它们富含脂肪酸和甘油酯。我们把这些指橙浸泡在装有这些成分的水碗里,然后放在一旁晾干。接着我们等待,结果发现,这些指橙的保鲜期竟然延长了一整周。 And when we saw that for the first time, we were like, "Shut the front door! Oh my God, this might actually work." So we then went and wanted to apply this little bit of extra peel to all other kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bananas, avocados, limes, green beans, tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, berries, like, you name it. And what we saw, amazed and quite frankly, still amazes us. This concept works for dozens of categories, things that need to ripen before you eat them, things that don't. Things that have edible peels, non-edible peels. We even saw that with protected blueberries, we could retain vitamin C levels at higher levels for longer than unprotected blueberries. And tomatoes could be harvested later, not when they were green and tasteless, but when they were red and actually ripe, and they'd still have enough time to get into your homes.↳当我们第一次看到这个结果时,我们的反应是:“不会吧!天啊,这居然真的有用!”于是我们接着尝试把这层“额外果皮”应用到其他各种水果和蔬菜上。香蕉、牛油果、青柠、四季豆、西红柿、甜椒、黄瓜、浆果——你能想到的几乎都试了一遍。而结果让我们震惊,甚至直到今天依然觉得不可思议。这一概念适用于几十种不同类别的农产品:有些需要成熟后才能吃,有些不需要;有的果皮可食用,有的不可食用。我们甚至发现,在处理过的蓝莓中,维生素C的含量能保持更高水平,而且维持的时间比未经处理的蓝莓更久。而西红柿则可以等到真正红熟、味道香甜时再采摘,而不是在青涩无味时提前收获——同时还能保证有足够的时间运送到消费者手中。 And we love that it really takes so little material, the little bit of extra peel we add to an average avocado, for example, that's equivalent in weight to a 10th of a small raisin. And even though these materials are, of course, they're edible, you can wash them off by just rubbing under running water. We also, the more that we learned about the fresh produce supply chain today, we realized we could integrate into how these are processed in these packing houses before they're sent to grocery stores.更让我们喜欢的是,这其实只需要极少的材料。比如,给一个普通牛油果增加的那层“额外果皮”,重量大约只相当于一颗小葡萄干的十分之一。而且这些成分本身当然是可食用的,但你只需在流水下轻轻揉搓就能将其洗掉。随着我们对当今新鲜农产品供应链的进一步了解,我们还意识到,这一工艺可以直接融入到分拣包装环节,在水果和蔬菜送往超市之前完成。

    2 分钟
  3. 2天前

    第2759期:The science of making fruits and veggies last longer(2)

    And then all of this leads to a pretty narrow set of fruits and vegetables that are available in stores today relative to the amazing diversity of what's really out there. And so it's really like the categories that can survive storage and transportation that are commonly available. And those aren't always the ones that taste best or have the highest density of nutrients. So my friends wanted to approach this differently.↳这一切最终导致了一个问题:相较于自然界中丰富多样的水果和蔬菜,我们今天在商店里能买到的品类其实非常有限。基本上只有那些能够在储存和运输过程中幸存下来的品类才会常见。但这些并不一定是味道最好的,或者营养密度最高的。于是,我的朋友们想用一种不同的方式来应对这个问题。 And we led first with some questions. How do plants protect themselves? Well, with a peel. Plants, just like us, have a skin or a peel, technically called the plant cuticle, and that helps to protect them from moisture loss, oxidation and infection. And what are those peels made of? Fatty acids, glycerides. That's what's the important part. And these are ingredients found universally in all plants. In the peel, pulp and seeds, and including in plants that we already eat. Different fruits have different shelf lives because of the thickness and arrangement of these materials in those peels.我们首先提出了一些问题:植物是如何保护自己的?答案是果皮。植物和我们一样,也有一层“皮肤”,学术上称为“角质层”,它能帮助植物抵御水分流失、氧化以及感染。那么这些果皮由什么构成呢?主要是脂肪酸和甘油酯——这才是关键所在。而这些成分在所有植物中普遍存在,不论是果皮、果肉还是种子,甚至在我们日常食用的植物中也都有。不同水果的保鲜期长短,其实和这些物质在果皮中的厚度与排列方式有关。 So the idea then is: Can we take these harmless, edible, plant-based ingredients, apply them in a thin layer on the surface of fresh fruits and vegetables to help reinforce the existing natural peel? And if you do that, can you help to retain peak flavor, texture and nutrients for longer without reliance on refrigeration, pesticides, waxes or plastics?于是,想法就诞生了:我们是否可以利用这些无害、可食用的植物性成分,把它们涂覆在新鲜水果和蔬菜的表面,形成一层薄膜,来强化原本的天然果皮?如果能做到这一点,是否就能在无需依赖冷藏、农药、蜡涂层或塑料包装的情况下,延长食材的最佳风味、口感和营养? And so that's what James, Lou and I, that's why we founded Apeel Sciences and ultimately headed to James's garage to try and figure out. We started first by partnering with a small local grower, and we tested the idea on this category you may not have heard of called finger limes. They are literally finger-shaped, and when you cut them open, the pulp is in the shape of beads, like caviar. They are delicious, and they’re super fragrant. But once they’re picked, that grower had maybe about seven days before their organic limes would start to dry out and the skin would start to change color. And that was even with refrigeration.↳于是,这就是我、詹姆斯和路易斯创立 Apeel Sciences 的原因。我们最终跑到詹姆斯的车库里,开始动手实验。起初,我们与一家本地的小型种植户合作,把这个想法应用到一种你可能没听说过的水果——“指橙”(finger limes)上。它们真的像手指一样细长,当你切开时,果肉呈现出一颗颗像鱼子酱般的珠粒,味道鲜美,香气浓郁。但问题是,一旦被采摘下来,这些有机指橙大概只有七天的时间就会开始干瘪、果皮变色——即便是在冷藏条件下也是如此。

    2 分钟
  4. 3天前

    第2758期:The science of making fruits and veggies last longer(1)

    When you pick a piece of fruit off a tree, it's like a ticking time bomb. It's literally this living and breathing thing that's slowly cannibalizing its own stores of energy and nutrients, just trying to stay alive until it ultimately gets eaten by microbes or some other animal, like us. Have you ever wondered why that is and what could be done about it?↳当你从树上摘下一颗水果时,它就像一颗正在倒计时的定时炸弹。它实际上是一个还在“呼吸”的生命体,会慢慢吞噬自己储存的能量和养分,只为了尽可能维持生存,直到最终被微生物或其他动物(比如我们人类)吃掉。你有没有想过这是为什么?以及对此能做些什么? My journey in trying to figure that out started in the spring of 2013. I'm finishing up my postdoctoral research in chemistry at the University of Santa Barbara, California. And all that really means is I’m a huge nerd and I've been in school for way too long. And I'm trying to figure out how to put all that training to meaningful use. So two of my lab mates, James Rogers and Louis Perez, invite me to dinner. But it turns out to be a pitch disguised as dinner, and they opened by totally flooring me with some staggering stats.我试图弄清这个问题的旅程开始于2013年春天。那时我正在加州圣塔芭芭拉大学完成化学博士后的研究。说白了,就是我这个超级书呆子在学校里待得太久了,现在在思考如何把这些年接受的训练用在真正有意义的事情上。于是,我的两个实验室伙伴詹姆斯·罗杰斯和路易斯·佩雷斯邀请我共进晚餐。但事实证明,那顿饭其实是伪装成晚餐的“推销会”,而他们一开口就用一些惊人的数据震撼了我。 A third of the food that we produce worldwide is lost or wasted before it ever has a chance to be eaten. For fresh fruits and vegetables, that number is a half. And waste is a problem at every single step of the supply chain. From the farm, trying to get it to market, in stores, restaurants and in our homes. And it's not just a waste of the food. It's a waste of the land, water, fertilizers, labor, energy, fuel, packaging and money out of farmers' and our pockets. If global food waste was a country, it'd be the third-highest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US.↳全球所生产的食物中,有三分之一在被吃掉之前就已经损失或浪费了。而在新鲜水果和蔬菜方面,这个比例更是高达二分之一。而浪费的问题存在于供应链的每一个环节:从农场,到运输市场,再到商店、餐厅,甚至是我们的家庭。而这不仅仅是食物的浪费,更是土地、水资源、化肥、劳动力、能源、燃料、包装,以及农民和我们自己口袋里的金钱的浪费。如果把全球食物浪费看作一个国家,那么它的温室气体排放量将位居世界第三,仅次于中国和美国。 For decades, all around the world, we've relied heavily on a surprisingly small number of ways to help fruits and vegetables last longer after harvest. These have gotten us a really long way, but they also have their challenges. Refrigeration is a massive energy suck, a significant source of emissions, and it's expensive. It's unfortunately why a lot of places around the world don't have access to refrigeration. Designer pesticides aren't great for our long-term health or the environment. Waxes, some can be plant-based, but a lot of them are also animal-derived or petroleum-derived, and they help make produce look better but not really meaningfully extend their life and quality. And packaging, that's just adding to our problems with single-use plastics and microplastics.几十年来,全世界主要依赖数量极少的几种方法来延长水果和蔬菜的保鲜期。这些方法确实在一定程度上帮助了我们,但也带来了挑战。冷藏消耗巨大的能源,是温室气体的重要排放源,而且成本高昂,这也是为什么世界上很多地方至今无法普及冷藏。至于人工合成的农药,对人类的长期健康和环境都并不友好。蜡涂层方面,有些是植物基的,但更多是动物性或石油提取的,它们能让农产品外观看起来更好,却不能真正有效地延长其保质期和品质。而包装,则让一次性塑料和微塑料的问题更加严重。

    3 分钟
  5. 4天前

    第2757期:Just 7,000 steps a day cuts health risks, study says

    If you've got a phone or a fitness tracker, you're probably checking your steps each day. Reach 10,000 and you feel smug. Why? Well, we've been told it's the number to aim for – the threshold for health gains.  如果你拥有一部手机或者一个健身追踪器,你就很可能每天都会查看你的行走步数。一旦达到一万步你可能就会沾沾自喜。这是为什么呢?因为我们常常听说应该以每天走一万步为目标,它是令人更加健康的门槛。 But a review of previous studies in medical journal The Lancet, involving data on 160,000 adults worldwide, suggests a target of 7,000 steps brings plenty of health benefits, too, including reducing the risk of heart disease, dementia, depression, cancer and falls. The research found that even modest step counts of 4,000 per day were linked to better health, compared with very low activity of 2,000 a day.  但一篇研究综述刚刚被发表在了医学杂志《柳叶刀》上,这项研究囊括了全球 16 万名成人的健康数据,研究结果显示每天步行 7000 步也能为健康带来许多益处,包括降低患心脏病、痴呆、抑郁、癌症和意外跌倒的风险。研究发现,即使每天仅走上 4000 步,和活动量非常小的 2000 步相比,也能改善健康状况。 For most health conditions, the benefits tended to level off beyond 7,000 steps, although there were additional advantages to walking further for the heart. The review can't prove that daily steps alone reduce the risk of disease. Some of the findings were based on only a small number of studies, but they say encouraging people to track their steps is a practical way to improve their health. And adding a step count target into official exercise guidance could be useful for everyone.对于大多数健康问题来说,每天步行带来的益处似乎在 7000 步以后就逐渐趋平,不再有明显的变化,不过再多走一些对心脏健康还有其它好处。这篇综述未能证明仅靠每天步行就能降低患病风险。虽然一些结论仅基于少量研究,但研究人员表示鼓励人们追踪每天所走的步数是改善健康的一种切实可行的方法;并且,在官方锻炼指南中加入行走步数作为目标可能对所有人都有益。

    1 分钟
  6. 5天前

    第2756期:How can restaurants earn a Michelin star?

    What do rubber tyres have to do with delicious food? The answer lies in the story of the Michelin brothers. French inventors Edouard and Andre Michelin created the Michelin tyre company in 1889 and transformed the travel industry. A few decades later, they began publishing a guide to highlight food in restaurants worth travelling for, which, of course, they'd need strong Michelin tyres to reach. Nowadays, the coveted Michelin star – an award given to only the world's finest restaurants – is one of the culinary world's highest accolades. But the rating system is somewhat shrouded in mystery. 橡胶轮胎与美味食物有什么关系? 答案在于米其林兄弟的故事。 法国发明家爱德华(Edouard)和安德烈·米歇林(Andre Michelin)于1889年成立了米其林轮胎公司,并改变了旅游业。 几十年后,他们开始发布一份指南,以突出值得旅行的餐馆中的食物,当然,他们需要强大的米其林轮胎才能到达。 如今,令人垂涎的米其林之星(仅授予世界上最好的餐厅)是烹饪界最高的荣誉之一。 但是评级系统在某种程度上笼罩在神秘之中。 The Michelin Guide itself says their inspectors take into account five criteria: the quality of the ingredients, the harmony of flavours, the mastery of techniques, the personality of the chef as expressed through their cuisine and consistency both across the entire menu and over time. But the inspectors are anonymous, and chefs are always kept in the dark about when they are going to visit. "We're never aware of the inspectors' visit," said Julia Sedefdjian, who became France's youngest Michelin-starred chef at the age of 21. "If they introduce themselves, it's only after they've eaten. And often – very often – they never introduce themselves at all." 《米其林指南》本身说,他们的检查员考虑了五个标准:成分的质量,口味的和谐,掌握技术的掌握,厨师的个性,通过其美食和整个菜单上的菜单和一致性表达。 但是检查员是匿名的,厨师何时要访问厨师。 朱莉娅·塞夫迪安(Julia Sedefdjian)说:“我们从来没有意识到检查员的访问,他在21岁时成为法国最年轻的米其林星级厨师。“如果他们自我介绍,只有在他们吃饭之后,他们就经常 - 经常 - 通常 - 他们从不介绍自己。” And how much does the overall ambience of a restaurant play into the ratings? Ideas vary. Chef Maxime Bouttier, who has worked in Michelin-starred restaurants across France for 15 years, thinks details like white tablecloths and background piano music can help to tick boxes for inspectors. Despite this, Bouttier's own restaurant doesn't have tablecloths, and his clientele listen to '80s rap while dining, yet his restaurant earnt a star less than a year after opening. The Michelin Guide says a Michelin star is awarded for the food on the plate, nothing else, and that the style and degree of formality have no bearing on the award whatsoever. 餐厅的整体氛围有多少? 想法各不相同。 厨师Maxime Bouttier曾在法国各地的米其林星级餐厅工作了15年,他认为诸如白色桌布和背景钢琴音乐之类的细节可以帮助检查员打勾检查员。 尽管如此,Bouttier自己的餐厅没有桌布,他的客户在用餐时听着80年代的说唱,但他的餐厅在开业后不到一年就赚了一颗明星。 《米其林指南》说,米其林明星因盘子上的食物而被授予,别无其他,形式的风格和程度与该奖项无关。 Michelin stars can make or break a chef's culinary career. Earning one gives a chef more recognition, more table bookings and can allow them to raise their prices. But there's also the risk of losing one, and with that comes a lot of pressure.  位米其林明星可以使厨师的烹饪生涯创造或破坏。 赚取的人会给厨师提供更多的认可,更多的餐桌预订,并可以使他们提高价格。 但是,也有失去一个的风险,随之而来的是很大的压力。

    2 分钟
  7. 6天前

    第2755期:£50m renovation for historic Kew glass house

    Kew's Palm House is a wonder of the Victorian age. When it opened in 1848, it was the largest glass house ever constructed. But the hot and humid conditions inside that are essential for the tropical plants it houses have taken their toll on the building. Its ornate painted metalwork is rusting, and 16,000 panes of glass need to be replaced. 邱园的棕榈温室是维多利亚时代的奇观。在 1848 年开放时,它曾是当时人类建造过的最大的玻璃温室。然而,它内部的高温潮湿环境对于它所收容的热带植物来说是必需的,不过这也让建筑本身受到了损害。棕榈温室装饰华丽的、涂有颜料的金属部件开始生锈,1 万 6 千块玻璃窗板也需要被更换。 The renovation will begin in two years' time. But the horticulturalists at Kew have already started to relocate some of the precious plants as more than 1,000 species need to be removed and safely stored before work can start. Kew is also taking the opportunity to make the greenhouse much greener, replacing the gas boilers with huge heat pumps to drastically cut its emissions. 翻新工程将在两年后开始。但邱园的园艺师们已经开始着手迁移部分珍贵的植物,因为有超过 1000 种植物品种需要在施工前被移出并妥善保存。邱园还将借此机会让温室变得更加环保,用大型热泵替代燃气锅炉,以大幅减少污染物排放量。

    1 分钟
  8. 8月23日

    第2754期:Can we trust technology in sport?

    Use of technology in sports is supposed to be able to provide accurate and instant feedback, with better decision-making and reduced errors compared to human intervention. But is that always the case?1在体育中使用技术应该能够提供准确,即时的反馈,与人干预相比,决策更好,并且错误减少。 但是总是这样吗? The annual tennis tournament Wimbledon made the decision this year to replace their line judges. These have traditionally been men and women who judge whether the ball is in or out of bounds, but they were switched out for AI that analyses camera footage, which should be faster and more accurate. Despite this, the electronic line calling system failed just a week into the 2025 championship. The ball-tracking technology was turned off by a person accidentally. This meant a point had to be replayed, which resulted in Sonay Kartal controversially winning the game. If technology needs humans to operate it in the first place, whose fault is it in situations like these where things go wrong?年度网球锦标赛温布尔登今年决定取代他们的阵容法官。 传统上,这些是男人和女人,他们判断球是界限还是超出范围,但是他们被转移到了分析摄像机镜头的AI上,这应该更快,更准确。 尽管如此,在2025年锦标赛中,电子线路通话系统还是失败了一周。 偶然的人关闭了球跟踪技术。 这意味着必须重播一个观点,这导致Sonay Kartal有争议地赢得了比赛。 如果技术首先需要人类来操作它,那么在这种情况下出现问题的情况下是谁的错? In football, referees often come under fire for their decision-making. But VAR, that's 'video assistant referee', is regularly used in football these days too. A referee can ask for a VAR check, which means that if they are unsure of something, like the awarding of a penalty, they can double-check their own judgement. However, last football season, VAR made oversights which angered a lot of managers, players and fans. They said the system was notfit for purpose and even favoured some teams over others. Despite this, the Premier League's chief football officer, Tony Scholes, said during the middle of last year's season that standards were actually higher than ever. "Before VAR, 82% of the decisions made were deemed to be correct. In the season so far, that figure is 96%," he said.在足球比赛中,裁判经常因决策而受到抨击。 但是,这是“视频助理裁判”,如今也经常在足球中使用。 裁判可以要求进行VAR检查,这意味着,如果他们不确定某件事,例如判处罚款,他们可以仔细检查自己的判断。 但是,上一个足球赛季,VAR进行了监督,激怒了许多经理,球员和球迷。 他们说,该系统不适合目的,甚至偏爱其他团队而不是其他团队。 尽管如此,英超联赛的首席足球官托尼·斯科尔斯(Tony Scholes)表示,在去年中期,标准实际上比以往任何时候都要高。 他说:“在VAR之前,做出的决定中有82%被认为是正确的。到目前为止,这个数字为96%。” So,why do we still not trust technology if it often improves a situation? Professor Gina Neff from Cambridge University says that we have a very strong, in-built sense of fairness." The machine makes decisions based on the set of rules it's been programmed to adjudicate," she said. "Right now, in many areas where AI is touching our lives, we feel like humans understand the context much better than the machine."那么,如果技术经常改善情况,为什么我们仍然不信任技术? 剑桥大学的吉娜·内夫(Gina Neff)教授说,我们有一种非常强烈的内在公平意识。“该机器根据一套规则做出了决定,它已被编程以裁定,”她说。 “目前,在AI触及我们生活的许多领域,我们觉得人类比机器更好地了解环境。 ”Whether you trust it or not, technology is here to stay, including in the world of sport.无论您是否信任,技术都将留在这里,包括运动世界。

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