StarDate

Billy Henry
  • 4.6 (265)
  • Astronomy
  • Updated Semiweekly

StarDate, the longest-running national radio science feature in the U.S., tells listeners what to look for in the night sky.

Episodes

  1. 1d ago

    Moon and Jupiter

    For skywatchers across the eastern United States, the planet Jupiter will vanish early tomorrow – hidden behind the crescent Moon. The rest of the country will see an impressively close encounter between the two bodies. The vanishing act is an occultation – from a Latin word that means “to hide.” Over the centuries, astronomers used these events to learn more about the Jovian system. Precise timing of occultations helped astronomers understand the planet’s orbit, which helped them zero in on Jupiter’s distance. And it takes a few seconds for the planet to vanish and reappear. The exact timing, combined with Jupiter’s distance, helped refine its diameter. Occultation studies also have included radio waves. Jupiter’s magnetic field sculpts a teardrop-shaped “bubble” around the planet. It also creates powerful radiation belts. Watching Jupiter vanish behind the Moon revealed the extent of both. Occultations are less important to scientists than they once were – but they’re still fun to watch. This one plays out before or during dawn. Jupiter looks like a brilliant star. From the eastern U.S., it’ll wink out before dawn, with Jupiter and the Moon quite low in the sky. From a little farther west, the occultation will be in progress as they rise, with Jupiter popping into view shortly thereafter. Those in the western states will have to settle for an especially close encounter between Jupiter and the Moon. Script by Damond Benningfield

  2. 2d ago

    Moon and Mars

    To borrow from “Alice in Wonderland,” the case for life on Mars keeps getting curiouser and curiouser. Two rovers have discovered organic compounds there – the chemical building blocks of life – in locations that are thousands of miles apart. And some recent looks at results from the Viking landers of the 1970s suggests they, too, might have found organics. So it’s possible that microbes might have inhabited Mars in the past – and might do so even today. Some of the best evidence comes from the Perseverance rover. In 2024, it studied a formation known as Bright Angel – layers of sediment deposited at the bottom of a river perhaps three and a half billion years ago. A rock named Cheyava Falls contained a lot of organics. And a study earlier this year confirmed the finding. The compounds could have been produced by microscopic life. But there are several other possible explanations, including chemical reactions in the rocks themselves. Perseverance stored a sample of Cheyava Falls for return to Earth. Laboratory analysis could tell us for sure how the organics were formed. But NASA has nixed a planned sample-return mission. So we’re a long way from satisfying our curiosity about life on Mars. Look for Mars quite near the Moon early tomorrow. It looks like a bright star. They’re especially close as they climb into good view, around 2:30 or 3. We’ll talk about the Moon and another companion tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

  3. 3d ago

    Moon and Companions

    The Moon will run a gauntlet of bright stars and planets the next few mornings, from the twins of Gemini to the heart of the lion. The twins are up first. Pollux and Castor will perch to the upper left of the Moon at dawn tomorrow. Pollux is the brighter of the two, and it’ll be closer to the Moon. On the following mornings, the Moon will slide past Mars, Jupiter, and Regulus. These encounters are possible because all of these objects are near the ecliptic – the Sun’s path across the sky. The stars all maintain the same position relative to the ecliptic from month to month and year to year. Regulus, for example, is less than half a degree away from it – less than the width of a pencil held at arm’s length. The planets, on the other hand, can shift from one side of the ecliptic to the other. That’s because their orbits around the Sun are tilted a bit. The Moon’s orbit is tilted as well, by about five degrees. So the Moon can swing a little farther from the ecliptic. Tonight, it’s a few degrees north of it. By Wednesday, when it’s closest to Regulus, it’ll be just south of it. Despite that wiggle room, the Moon passes close to each of these bright pinpoints during every month-long cycle of phases. And when the geometry is just right, it can even cover them up – which it will do to Jupiter on Tuesday. We’ll have more about that later in the week, and more about the Moon and Mars tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

  4. 4d ago

    Saturn Opposition III

    Saturn is a “superior” planet. Among other things, it’s the second-largest and second-heaviest planet in the solar system. Technically, though, what makes it “superior” is its location. It’s the sixth planet from the Sun, so its orbit is outside Earth’s orbit. Superior planets can line up opposite the Sun in our sky – a point known as opposition. And that’s what Saturn is doing now. It’ll reach that point early Sunday. So for a while, it’ll be in the sky all night, and shine brightest for the year. Only a few planets and stars will outshine it. A planet looks especially bright at opposition for a couple of reasons. For one thing, it’s closest to Earth. Saturn, for example, will be about a hundred million miles closer than average. Another reason is the viewing angle. At opposition, a planet is reflecting more sunlight directly toward Earth than at any other time. In effect, the planet is a more efficient “mirror.” We see the same effect with the Moon. A full Moon – which also is in a “superior” position – is about six times brighter than a half Moon. The change in the Moon’s brightness is complicated by other factors, but the principle is the same – a superior Moon puts in a superior show – just like the superior planet Saturn. Saturn is low in the east at nightfall. It looks like a bright star. It climbs high across the south during the night, and is low in the west at dawn. Script by Damond Benningfield

  5. 5d ago

    Saturn Opposition II

    This isn’t a sound effect from a sci-fi movie. Instead, it’s the “voice” of the auroras on the planet Saturn – radio waves that have been shifted to wavelengths we can hear. They were recorded by the Cassini spacecraft as it closed in on Saturn two decades ago. The radio waves are produced by the complex interplay between Saturn’s magnetic field and the solar wind – a steady flow of charged particles from the Sun. Motions deep inside the planet generate the magnetic field, which is about as strong as Earth’s. But because Saturn is much bigger than Earth, its magnetic field is much bigger as well – it fills a huge volume of space. The magnetic field forms a teardrop-shaped “bubble” around Saturn. That bubble deflects much of the solar wind. But some of the particles make it through. The lines of magnetic force guide some of them toward the magnetic poles. They spiral in, emitting radio waves as they do so. And when the particles hit the upper atmosphere, they create auroras – shimmering curtains powered by the Sun. Saturn is putting in its best appearance of the year. It’s at opposition – it lines up opposite the Sun. It’s closest to Earth, so it shines brightest. And it’s in view all night. The giant planet looks like a bright golden star. It’s low in the east at nightfall, and climbs high across the south later on. Script by Damond Benningfield

  6. 6d ago

    Saturn at Opposition

    Saturn puts in its best appearance of the year over the next few nights. On Sunday, it’ll reach opposition – it will line up opposite the Sun. It’s closest to Earth at opposition, so it shines brightest. And it’s in view all night. It looks like a bright golden star. It’s low in the east at nightfall, and climbs high across the south later on. Saturn reaches opposition every 12 and a half months – the result of the combined motions of Saturn and Earth. Earth orbits the Sun at an average speed of about 67,000 miles per hour. Saturn is more than nine times farther from the Sun. And thanks to the laws of orbital motion, it moves only a third as fast as Earth. Johannes Kepler formulated those laws four centuries ago. He determined that the planets follow elliptical orbits; instead of perfect circles, the orbits are stretched out. There’s a relationship between the planet’s distance and its orbital period – the time it takes to make one full turn around the Sun. And a planet moves fastest when it’s closest to the Sun, and slowest when it’s farthest. Earth’s distance varies by only about three percent, so there’s not much change in its orbital speed. But Saturn’s distance varies by more than 10 percent, so there’s a bigger change in its speed. All of this works together to bring Saturn into alignment every 12 and a half months – shining at its best. More about Saturn tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

  7. Sep 29

    Kaus Australis

    To modern eyes, the stars of Sagittarius form the outline of a teapot. But in Greek mythology, the constellation was far more extensive. It represented a centaur – half-man, half-horse – holding a bow and arrow. And the brightest star in the constellation plays a role in both of those pictures. Kaus Australis is at the lower right corner of the teapot. It also represents the southern end of the bow – in fact, that’s the meaning of its name. It’s actually a binary – two stars in a wide orbit around one another. One of the stars is like the Sun. But from the system’s distance of about 145 light-years, it’s much too faint to see with the eye alone. The star we can see is much bigger and heavier than the Sun, and about 500 times brighter. And it spins in a hurry – once every 1.6 days, compared to almost four weeks for the Sun. If it were spinning just a little faster, it would rip itself apart. In fact, it’s closer to that self-destruct point than any other star yet seen. As a result of its rotation, the star is squashed – it’s about a third wider through the equator than the poles. And because they’re closer to the star’s core, the poles are thousands of degrees hotter than the equator. Astronomers can’t explain the star’s high-speed rotation. The star could be siphoning gas from a much-closer companion that’s hidden from view – spinning up the tip of the archer’s bow. Script by Damond Benningfield

  8. Sep 28

    Galactic Disruption

    Galaxies aren’t good neighbors. They can stretch and pull the galaxies around them, rip them apart, and even gobble them up. A case in point is the Magellanic Clouds – the largest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. The Large Magellanic Cloud is about 165,000 light-years away. It’s about a third as wide as the Milky Way, and perhaps one-tenth as massive. The small cloud is a little smaller and farther away. Both of them are being distorted by the Milky Way’s gravity. And both may be incorporated into the Milky Way billions of years from now. But they’re also interacting with each other. In fact, a recent study says the gravity of the large cloud may be ripping the smaller one apart. Researchers have studied the system for more than a decade from an observatory in Chile. They’ve measured the motions of millions of stars. And they found that the stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud aren’t moving the way they expected. Most models say the galaxy forms a rotating disk, like the Milky Way. But the observations revealed that most of the stars are moving outward – away from the center of the galaxy. And that applied even to the stars in the center itself. The most likely cause is the pull of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Its gravity is dragging the stars away from their galactic home. That could eventually rip the smaller galaxy apart – leaving only some shredded remnants for the Milky Way. Script by Damond Benningfield

  9. Sep 27

    Moon and Saturn

    If you’re searching for life on another world, you don’t want to find life that’s hitchhiked from Earth. But preventing contamination isn’t easy. Over the past few decades, we’ve identified quite a few worlds in the outer solar system that could be habitable. These worlds are coated with frozen water. But they could have oceans of liquid water below the crust. Those oceans could supply the minerals and the energy needed for life. So scientists are especially interested in them. But they want to make sure that any life they find really is native. So every mission to these worlds goes through a careful process of sterilization. But building and launching a spacecraft requires hands-on contact by hundreds of people. They build the instruments, assemble the spacecraft, test it, and attach it to its booster. Much of the work is done in high-level cleanrooms. Along the way, the spacecraft and its components may be cleaned with chemicals, baked at high temperatures, or zapped with radiation – all to prevent Earthly “bugs” from catching a ride. One especially interesting target is Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. It has a buried ocean, but some of its water shoots into space. Some of it falls back onto the surface – perhaps making it easier to find native life on this icy world. Saturn is close to the right of our own moon in early evening. It looks like a bright star. It’ll stay close to the Moon all night. Script by Damond Benningfield

  10. Sep 26

    Harvest Moon

    The Moon is full today. But it’s not just any old full Moon. It’s the best-known of them all: the Harvest Moon – the subject of books, music, and lots of fall festivals. In centuries past, the Harvest Moon was much more than a pop-culture event. It provided enough light for farmers to harvest their crops well into the night. And at high northern latitudes, it helped out for several nights in a row. Officially, the Harvest Moon is the full Moon that’s closest to the fall equinox. That put it around harvest time – especially at higher latitudes, where autumn frosts soon would blanket the night. Without artificial lights to help them out, farmers relied on the Moon to add hours to their work time. The Moon is bright enough to help for several nights before and after it’s full. And thanks to the angle at which it climbs into the sky, for latitudes north of about Milwaukee or Minneapolis it rises only a few minutes later each night. So farmers in such high northerly climes didn’t have to wait around for the Moon to rise – they could keep on harvesting through the twilight and into the night. Tonight, the planet Saturn is quite close below the Moon at nightfall, and stays close throughout the night. It looks like a bright star. Like the full Moon, it’s about to line up opposite the Sun – setting up its own prime viewing time. We’ll have more about Saturn and the Moon tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

  • 10 Episodes

Hosts & Guests

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About

StarDate, the longest-running national radio science feature in the U.S., tells listeners what to look for in the night sky.

Information

  • Creator
    Billy Henry
  • Years Active
    2017 - 2026
  • Episodes
    10
  • Rating
    Clean
  • Copyright
    © 2022 The University of Texas McDonald Observatory
  • Show Website
    StarDate

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