DiveIn: Diving into Special Education's Most Complex and Pressing Debates

Federico R. Waitoller
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Join Dr. Federico Waitoller for DiveIn, the podcast that explores the most complex and pressing debates in Special Education. Sponsored by the Division of Research of the Council for Exceptional Children, this series tackles critical and timely topics, including current policy debates, instructional design, disciplinary disparities, school choice, workforce diversity, and funding disparities. DiveIn does not shy away from tough conversations. Through thought-provoking discussions with experts and changemakers, DiveIn will challenge your current perspectives and deepen your understanding, offering actionable insights to drive equity in special education teaching, research, and policy. Tune in and be part of the movement to transform special education through an equity-driven lens. Are you ready? Let's DiveIn!

  1. 1d ago

    The Inclusive Education Series: A conversation with Mel Ainscow

    What does inclusive education really mean—and what have we learned since the Salamanca Statement placed it firmly on the international agenda more than three decades ago? In the third episode of DiveIn’s Inclusive Education Series, Federico speaks with Mel Ainscow, Professor of Education at the University of Glasgow, Emeritus Professor at the University of Manchester, and one of the world’s leading scholars on inclusion and equity in education. Mel brings a uniquely international and historical perspective to the conversation. He was directly involved in the work surrounding the 1994 Salamanca Statement, a landmark document that helped shape global thinking about the education of students with disabilities. Together, Federico and Mel discuss how the meaning of inclusive education has evolved, what the Salamanca Statement accomplished, and why many education systems still struggle to turn inclusive principles into everyday practice. They explore what the research tells us about inclusion, the importance of examining students’ access, participation, and outcomes, and what Mel has learned from decades of working with schools, governments, and international organizations around the world. The conversation also considers a central challenge: inclusion may be widely supported as an idea, but what does it actually take to make it happen across classrooms, schools, and entire education systems? Naturally, the episode also addresses another international issue of great importance: the World Cup. The interview was recorded near the beginning of the tournament, before Argentina defeated England 2–1—something Federico has graciously and maturely decided not to mention to Mel again. Well… mostly. Whether you are a teacher, researcher, doctoral student, policymaker, or a marine biologist who has spent far too much time studying the mating habits of Antarctic squid, this episode offers a thoughtful and accessible conversation about where inclusive education has been—and where it still needs to go. Are you ready? Let’s DiveIn. EPISODE TRANSCRIPT You can contact me and leave me your comments at federico.waitoller@outlook.com Leave us a comment in our discord channel.

  2. Jul 24

    The Inclusive Education Series: A conversation with Doug Fuchs

    Can students with disabilities be fully included in general education classrooms? Or are there times when separate, specialized instruction is not only appropriate but necessary? In the second episode of our Inclusive Education Series, I sit down with Doug Fuchs, one of the most influential special education researchers of the last four decades. Doug offers a perspective that challenges many of the assumptions behind today's inclusion movement. We discuss what inclusive education actually means, why he believes the general education classroom should always be the starting point—but not always the ending point—and why he argues that some students will continue to need specialized instruction outside the general classroom. Along the way, we tackle some of the biggest questions in the field: • Is inclusive education supported by strong empirical evidence? • Is the debate really about rights and belonging, or about effective instruction? • Has special education become the problem—or is it still part of the solution? • Can we improve general education enough to serve all learners? • Is there common ground between advocates of full inclusion and those who support a continuum of services? As always on DiveIn, I don't let my guests off easy. We talk about the politics of research, randomized controlled trials, Response to Intervention, Multi-Tiered Systems of Support, IDEA, and why Doug believes the disability community needs fewer internal battles and more collaboration. Whether you agree with Doug or not, this conversation will challenge you to think more deeply about one of the most important debates in the teaching and learning of students with disabilities. Leave us a comment in our discord channel. Are you ready? Let's DiveIn. TRANSCRIPT

  3. Jul 6

    The Inclusive Education Series: Talking about Inclusion with David Connor

    What does inclusive education actually mean? Is it a place, a practice, a political commitment—or an aspiration we may never fully achieve? In the first episode of Season 4 and the opening conversation of DiveIn’s special series on inclusive education, Federico talks with David J. Connor, Professor Emeritus at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and one of the leading scholars in Disability Studies in Education and DisCrit. Connor traces the roots of inclusive education beyond legislation and special education policy to the Civil Rights and Disability Rights movements. He reflects on the emergence of Disability Studies in Education, its complicated relationship with traditional special education, and why he believes disability should be understood as a form of human diversity rather than simply a deficit to be fixed. But this is not a conversation without pushback. Federico challenges Connor with some of the strongest arguments against full inclusion: Does inclusive education actually have a strong empirical base? Can separate schools provide meaningful disability community and collective identity? What about students with complex support needs? And should families have the right to choose specialized settings? They also discuss whether research can ever truly be objective, why inclusive education needs a plurality of research methods, the importance of listening to disabled students and adults, and what the next frontier of inclusive education may be. And, because this is DiveIn, they also find time to discuss the World Cup, dangerous levels of soccer-related couch attachment, and David’s suspicious refusal to choose between England, the United States, and Argentina. Season 4 starts here. Are you ready? Let’s DiveIn.

  4. Jun 17

    Trailer Season 4

    This is the trailer for Season 4 of Dive in and the new series on inclusive education

  5. Jun 17

    An old episode to start a new series: Inclusive Education with Maya Kalyanpur

    As we gear up for DiveIn's upcoming season 4 and a new series on inclusive education, we're revisiting a conversation that offers the perfect starting point: a global perspective on inclusion, disability, and educational equity. In this episode, Federico talks with Maya Kalyanpur, professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning at the University of San Diego. Dr. Kalyanpur began her career teaching children with intellectual disabilities in India, served as an advisor on inclusive education to Cambodia's Ministry of Education, and has conducted research throughout South Asia and the United States. Together, they explore: What we mean when we talk about the Global South and why the term is more political than geographicHow disability and inclusion are understood differently across cultural contextsWhy educational models developed in the United States and other Western countries do not always translate well to other parts of the worldThe tensions between international inclusion policies and local knowledgeLessons from India and other countries about community, family, work, and disabilityHow educational systems can unintentionally create new forms of exclusion while attempting to promote inclusionWhat scholars and practitioners in the United States can learn from the Global SouthWhy humility, collaboration, and listening to communities are essential for advancing equity in special education Throughout the conversation, Dr. Kalyanpur challenges us to rethink some of the assumptions we take for granted about disability, schooling, independence, and inclusion. Rather than exporting solutions from the Global North, she argues for building educational systems that emerge from the cultural values, histories, and lived experiences of local communities. As DiveIn prepares to launch its new series on inclusive education, this episode provides an important reminder: before debating how inclusion should happen, we need to ask whose perspectives are shaping our understanding of what inclusion means.

  6. May 18

    Educational Segregation in Spain (Divein Miniserie). Season Finale: Solutions and a Final Twist

    In the final episode of our DiveIn miniseries on school segregation in Spain, the story reaches the Basque parliament—and takes an unexpected turn. After organizing, gathering signatures, building alliances, and pushing educational segregation into the public debate, the grassroots initiative (ILP) finally presents its proposals to lawmakers. Their demands are bold: publicly funded schools must truly be free,all schools should reflect the demographics of their communities,enrollment should be centralized to reduce segregation,and schools receiving public funds must be held accountable for equity. But what happens when educational reform collides with politics, language identity, and powerful institutions? As the movement appears ready for victory, a dramatic political reversal changes everything. Or does it?

  7. May 11

    DiveIn Miniserie Educational Segregation in Spain Ep. 3: The Causes

    In this third episode of our DiveIn miniseries on school segregation in Spain, we move beyond the headlines and ask a difficult question: What actually causes school segregation in Spain and the Basque Country? After following the grassroots movement pushing the issue into the Basque parliament, we now dive into the deeper structural forces shaping who attends which schools—and why. Through conversations with leading researchers and policy experts, this episode unpacks the complex web behind segregation: publicly funded private schools (escuelas concertadas), school choice policies, hidden fees, language politics, middle-class flight, and cultural barriers facing immigrant families. You’ll hear how Spain’s dual school system creates powerful incentives for social sorting, but also why the story is far more complicated than simply blaming private-public partnerships. Experts challenge simplistic explanations and reveal how segregation is increasingly happening within school networks—including inside public schools themselves. This episode also explores one of the most fascinating and politically sensitive issues in the Basque Country: language as a mechanism of segregation. Can bilingual and Euskera immersion programs unintentionally separate students along class and immigration lines? And how do schools created as symbols of cultural resistance become part of a system producing inequality? Along the way, Federico connects these debates to the United States, comparing Spain’s segregation patterns with the long history of housing discrimination, school choice, charter schools, and white flight in the U.S. Episode Transcript

  8. May 7

    The Disproportionality Series Final Episode: A Conversation with Alfredo Artiles

    In the final episode of DiveIn’s Disproportionality Series, host Federico Waitoller welcomes back Alfredo Artiles—one of the leading scholars in the field and the very first guest ever featured on the podcast. Drawing on more than three decades of research, Dr. Artiles challenges listeners to rethink disproportionality beyond simplistic debates about over- and underrepresentation in special education. Instead, he invites us to examine the historical, cultural, political, and institutional forces that shape how disability, race, and educational opportunity intersect. This conversation explores: Why disproportionality cannot be understood outside of history and contextThe limitations of current research and policy approachesHow race, disability, and inequity become intertwined through institutional practicesThe “equity paradox” of special education as both a site of support and exclusionWhat next-generation research and policy on disproportionality could look like Throughout the episode, Dr. Artiles offers powerful examples, provocative critiques, and hopeful possibilities for reimagining teaching, learning, and advocacy for students with disabilities. Whether you are a researcher, educator, policymaker, student, or advocate, this episode offers a deeply reflective and intellectually engaging conclusion to one of DiveIn’s most important series to date. TRASNCRIPT OF EPISODE

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Join Dr. Federico Waitoller for DiveIn, the podcast that explores the most complex and pressing debates in Special Education. Sponsored by the Division of Research of the Council for Exceptional Children, this series tackles critical and timely topics, including current policy debates, instructional design, disciplinary disparities, school choice, workforce diversity, and funding disparities. DiveIn does not shy away from tough conversations. Through thought-provoking discussions with experts and changemakers, DiveIn will challenge your current perspectives and deepen your understanding, offering actionable insights to drive equity in special education teaching, research, and policy. Tune in and be part of the movement to transform special education through an equity-driven lens. Are you ready? Let's DiveIn!

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