This week’s story features Mary Skopec of Lakeside Laboratories, and Jodi Reese and Terry Langan of Nishnabotna Water Defenders. You can listen to the podcast above, or read the story below. Be sure to check out our other related podcasts on water quality, what we know about the relationship between agriculture and cancer, and ways to help improve our nitrate issues in Iowa. Mary Skopec: How do you get everybody to get in this boat and row in the same direction? I don’t know but everybody needs to get in that boat. Beth Hoffman: These are the wise words of a woman I’m going to affectionately call Iowa’s Queen of Water Testing, Mary Skopec. She is the Executive Director of Lakeside Laboratory in Milford, Iowa. And before that, she worked at the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, where she, you guessed it, tested water. It was the early 2000s, when the Iowa legislature appropriated money for water quality monitoring for the first time. MS: I was able to jump in right away and start developing this statewide monitoring program for wetlands and lakes and rivers and beaches and all of that, and it was phenomenal. BH: Skopec tested 132 lakes around Iowa three times a year in the early 2000s, which gave the state critical information about our waterways. It might seem crazy to think about it now, but at the time, we knew very little about pollution in our state. MS: One of the things that we said is we want to know what’s there and what’s not there, because we have no idea. BH: But a large part of Skopec’s program was to also teach people how to test the water themselves. Because recruiting volunteers to test water, as we will see in this episode, is about much more than just testing water. I’m Beth Hoffman, journalist, author and farmer. And this is At the Iowa Farm Table, a production of the Iowa Food System Coalition, a group of more than 60 organizations dedicated to making our food system more just and sustainable. MS: I’d been in every little nook and cranny of the state doing water quality testing with volunteers, and really loved that. But let’s go back about 60 years to the 1960s. US waterways–lakes, rivers, streams–were in bad shape. For decades, centuries really, we had dumped everything and anything in the water, hoping our industrial messes would all just float away. But in 1969 the industrial waste in a river in Ohio, the Cuyahuga, caught on fire. People were shocked and it was one of the reasons the Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970. Then in 1972, a bipartisan US Congress passed the Clean Water Act. Senator Edmund Muskie, a Democrat from Maine helped make it a reality. Muskie: As citizens, you know what dirty water is. You know when you cannot swim , you know when those tributaries you used to fish no longer have trout. You know that’s pollution. And I’m not sure you’re interested in the exact quantity of suspended solids or the oxygen demand in the river, but [what] you are interested in is getting an unhealthy environment healthy, getting a dirty river clean. And we share that goal. And the 1972 Clean Water Act is intended to achieve that goal. BH: Now, today… MS: Anything that’s coming from a pipe is regulated under the Clean Water Act. BH: The Act also mandated state governments monitor water sources and make a list of “Impaired Waters.” But once the testing began–scientists started to realize that the pollution was not just coming from pipes running out of wastewater treatment plants or factories. MS: in the 1980s was when we really started to think about nonpoint source pollution, pollution from farm fields, exposed dirt, and from development in cities. MS: Environmental groups around the country start saying, “Hey, states, what are you doing to meet the purpose of the Clean Water Act? [00:08:00] How are we going to address this thing that is not regulated?” And it really starts with some water quality monitoring, and that’s where I think in Iowa it was like, “We need to know the state of the state.” BH: Skopec was one of the people who helped us learn about the extent to which non-point source pollution impacts the state of Iowa’s waters. MS: We didn’t really know what to be looking for necessarily, so we just cast a very wide net. And through that time, we started to obviously see nitrate rising to the top, is one of those things that we were concerned about. BH: She began with 60 sites. Then the Des Moines Register pointed out that beaches were not monitored, and the program grew. It was clear that bacteria–blue green algae and ecoli–was also an issue. MS: We created a lake monitoring program that was looking at 132 lakes every year, three times a year. So those types of things really created a nice data set. Now, as much as that was a big improvement, I mean, there were still gaps in the program, right? BH: Skopec and the DNR team realized there was just no way that one person, or even one office, would be able to monitor all the water in Iowa for all of the things–nitrates, phosphate, ecoli, etc–that might be in it. MS: We created “IOWATER” which was a citizen-based water quality monitoring program. 10:45 And that’s where citizens came in, because if we’ve got 157,000 miles of streams, we’re never going to have enough [00:11:00] money to look at all those streams. But if we could have citizens do some level of testing, then communities can engage with improving their own issues. BH: Skopec spent 20 years at the helm of the Department of Natural Resources’ Iowater program, and trained more than 6000 people to test water. Then she came to her current job at Lakeside Labs, a campus owned by the state of Iowa. It’s used as a science laboratory for University students in state schools. MS: When you’re working in the DNR, you are trying to improve water quality every day as one person doing your research or doing your job, and Lakeside really helps me amplify that by a hundredfold every year. Because now I feel like I’m able to work with students that are going to- going to go out and do similar work. BH: But over the years too, something else shifted. Iowa’s pollution problems were brought closer to home. MS: I think nitrate is an interesting case because I think for a long, long time people were concerned about nitrate because of the Gulf of Mexico, hypoxic zone. I don’t think people in Iowa or the Midwest really resonated with–that’s our problem. It’s not local. It didn’t feel like it was our problem. Things don’t become your problem until they hit home. And so the emergence of cancer related data around nitrate has been a game changer because when it was just causing a little bit of algae growth in the Gulf, people weren’t so concerned. When it’s maybe causing thyroid cancer in your loved one or ovarian cancer, then it starts to be a game changer. BH: We have done several podcasts about the links between Iowa’s rising cancer rates and nitrates and other chemicals in the water. But after 18 years, In 2023 the Iowa legislature voted to cut funding for the 60 real-time sensors in the University of Iowa network. Private funding was found to run it temporarily, but volunteers around the state have now also stepped in to fill in some of the missing data points. I am Jodi Reese. I live in Griswold, Iowa. My name is Terry Langan, also of Griswold, Iowa. BH: Reese and Langan started the Nishnabotna Water Defenders, a volunteer group. But their story starts much more recently. Their town is near the New Cooperative–a cooperative that, according to its website, now owns 85 plants in Iowa. In March of 2024, the Red Oak facility had a major fertilizer spill. Or actually there were three spills at the same plant. Terry Langan explains. Terry Langan: There was the initial release of the fertilizer, and everything just flowed out all weekend long into the river. Then Monday morning, somebody got there and went, “Oh, no.” They called the city, who actually controls the pipe, and they shut the valve on the pipe and started trying to clean it up. Two weeks… This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit attheiowafarmtable.substack.com