AI Explained Official Podcast

Philip - Host of AI Explained YT

Covering the biggest news of the century - the arrival of smarter-than-human AI. From the author of Simple Bench, which reveals the remaining gap between LLM and human reasoning. Hype-free, and the British accent is a freebie bonus.

  1. 2d ago

    What AI Researchers Saw, Before Their Demand to ‘Pace’ AI

    Why has it been the last few days that the calls to come to pace the frontier AI have come so loudly? The safety warnings, and lab leader messages? Let’s explore the six axes that the researchers are looking at, the incidence reports and trends, to get a better gauge on what has dominated the world’s headlines for over two weeks… AI Insiders ($9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 0:00 - The warnings that have gone omega-viral 4:23 - Six axes the researchers saw 9:32 - Why AI Might Be Becoming Harder to Control 15:06 - Amodei, China and Cooperation 18:42 - From AI Capabilities to Real-World Harm? 23:22 - The upside and the warning We Must Pace the Frontier https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier Adam Majmudar on scaling and the internal/external perception gap https://x.com/MajmudarAdam/status/2098881885200081234 AI Explained — What’s Behind the Sudden Talk of Pacing AI? (extended previous video) https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/whats-behind-of-169507775 Jacob Coxon resignation https://x.com/hilbertspaess/status/2097476196791709843 Dan Selsam — Personal Statement on AI Risk https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQNl3SEX5IyA6d9qHjjFZN-qzGRZNFI6b63g-yu1Fy-ZYkVfCWm7i9WXRXw63m6yDB_auDuPLyQ7jBm/pub Demis Hassabis: A Framework for Frontier AI and the Dawning of a New Age https://demishassabis.substack.com/p/a-framework-for-frontier-ai-and-the-dawning-of-a-new-age OpenAI: The Hugging Face incident and the road ahead https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-incident-and-the-road-ahead/ Jakub Pachocki: An Alien Mind https://openai.com/index/an-alien-mind/ Anthropic: Patterns and problems in multiagent systems https://www.anthropic.com/research/multiagent-systems OpenAI: Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize Problem https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/ Noam Brown on reasons for AI-safety concern https://x.com/polynoamial/status/2099726370356314563 Noam Brown — What Happens When AI Starts Improving AI? (The Information interview) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqcy0xQATq0 Paul Christiano: Personal statement on joining the OpenAI board https://x.com/paulfchristiano/status/2097733214303645729 Neel Nanda: Astra can do a concerning amount with no chain of thought https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/eRmzz8J8Qkzqvzrgg/astra-can-do-a-concerning-amount-with-no-chain-of-thought Tomek Korbak on GPT-6 Astra monitorability https://x.com/tomekkorbak/status/2095596839886274689 Anthropic: Detecting and countering misuse of AI—September 2026 https://www.anthropic.com/threat-intelligence-report-september-2026 DeepSeek engineer — I Have to Bury My Talent in Yesterday (Chinese original) https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zk0KxuLzhmMJ4LPYW_OHMA Jacob Coxon on AI race and negotiation https://x.com/hilbertspaess/status/2099954626040905834 Mo Bavarian on responsibility and AI progress https://x.com/mobav0/status/2097507030080888864 Addy Osmani on Anthropic engineering throughput https://x.com/addyosmani/status/2099577600159158765 OpenAI: Jalapeño inference-chip results https://openai.com/index/jalapeno-first-results/ New York Times: For China, a Mock AI Attack on WeChat Signals a Dangerous New Era https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/11/world/asia/china-ai-attack-wechat.html OpenAI: Accelerating antibiotic discovery with ChatGPT https://openai.com/index/accelerating-antibiotic-discovery/ David Bellamy on wet-lab bottlenecks https://x.com/DavidRBellamy/status/2099197234772607026 Chris Rohlf on infrastructure and AI risk https://x.com/chrisrohlf/status/2099867580668215622 BBC: Titan CEO dismissed safety warnings as baseless cries https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-65998914 Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    What AI Researchers Saw, Before Their Demand to ‘Pace’ AI
  2. Sep 4

    GPT 6 Astra, so good even OpenAI are worried

    Where to start? A new era of cost-efficient AI on a day benchmark-makers got humbled, traders got excited, and AI safety researchers got unnerved. From monitorability losing hold of GPT-6 Astra’s chains of thought to breakthrough discoveries, Fable-mogging and much more… Exclusive Vids ($9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 00:53 - vs Fable 05:27 - most impressive results 13:06 - bonus comparisons (plus trading) 18:40 - concerning trend 21:24 - Cot Control GPT-6: https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/ Paper: https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra/gpt-6-astra.pdf Looped Transformers and AGI Milestone: https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/breakthrough-and-168513408 Messy Rollout: https://x.com/sama/status/2095678759651438887 Much More Capable Models Coming: https://x.com/MTSlive/status/2095573400899170592 ‘AGI Era’ https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/989601/openai-gpt-6-astra-release ARC-AGI 3: https://x.com/fchollet/status/2095598451115614371 https://x.com/fchollet/status/2095607046129463577 https://arcprize.org/blog/astra FrontierMath: https://epoch.ai/frontiermath/tiers-1-4/about Discovery: https://x.com/jdlichtman/status/2095660916310483087 Fable 5.1: https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-and-mythos-5-1 https://science-task-lens.aiex.chatgpt.site/securebio Agents Last Exam: https://agents-last-exam.org/ Terminal Bench Science: https://github.com/harbor-framework/terminal-bench-science#task-coverage SRE Bench: https://x.com/ValsAI/status/2087682813743317396 ScreenSpot Pro: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07981 Weathernext 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6jZlnRsXXQ DayBreak: https://x.com/fouadmatin/status/2095634888951250983 AA Index: https://artificialanalysis.ai/evaluations/gdpval-aa Visual Demos: https://x.com/mattshumer_/status/2095609734845927525 https://x.com/codestantine/status/2095598327115260368 https://x.com/SahilExec/status/2095688272269984016 Monitorability: https://x.com/NeelNanda5/status/2095533397297045716 https://x.com/tomekkorbak/status/2095596848581071020 https://x.com/Marcus_J_W/status/2095623593006686475 https://x.com/MicahCarroll/status/2095603855316996529 Not Accept Degradation: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/openai-debuts-gpt-6-astra-security-measures-rcna595940 RSI: https://x.com/LiuZuxin/status/2095600499911446697 Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

  3. Aug 27

    Sam Altman: ‘AGI in 2026’, just as Models [Mis]Train Themselves

    First, a Time Magazine spread has Sam Altman declaring AGI is imminent, at the same time as we get two bombshell reports, from OpenAI and METR which on first glance are detailing the AI swarm, but reveal a deeper story about how we are making AI in 2026. From redacted risk reports, to Chinese Labs, pre-training debacles to questionable cybersecurity calls, a lot has happened recently, beneath the headlines… https://80000hours.org/aiexplained pablo2004romero@gmail.com https://integrity-bench.com/ https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/ai-swarm-cometh-166671390 Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 02:10 - METR Report 05:00 - Secrets of MultI-Agent Swarm 07:46 - Anthropic Too 10:00 - And China 11:07 - AI Agents Analysing AI Agents 13:37 - Altman AGI 2026 15:36 - Astra Paused 16:01 - Integrity Bench 19:03 - Swarm Dynamics 21:58 - No Human Contact? METR Post: https://metr.org/blog/2026-08-26-openai-hugging-face-incident-investigation/#agents-knew-hacking-hugging-face-was-out-of-scope-and-sometimes-expressed-ethical-hesitation,-but-this-very-rarely-limited-their-behavior OpenAI Release: https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-incident-and-the-road-ahead/ Technical Paper: https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/67869394-cb91-4c12-888c-5cbd85c7814c/OpenAI-Hugging-Face%20Incident-Technical-Report.pdf BlackHat Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87DyyMV0kCY Anthropic Risk Report: https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/f61d49fa5596956a5dec75fea0e973bf6a6a8378/Redacted%20Risk%20Report%20August%202026%20.pdf Value Leakage Paper: https://valueleakage.net/?utm_source=chatgpt.com Paused Training: https://x.com/sama/status/2089787807611195475 https://openai.com/index/pacing-model-development-cyber-capabilities/ AGI 2026: https://time.com/article/2026/08/26/openai-sam-altman-interview/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=editorial&utm_content=260826 Greenblatt Tweets: https://x.com/RyanGreenblatt/status/2092769422104822031 https://x.com/RyanGreenblatt/status/2092692685224325542 Cyberdefense Call: https://openai.com/collective-cyberdefense/ GLM 5.3 and 5.3 Flash / ox alpha: https://x.com/MTSlive/status/2089865956558528552 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HPqiTkAa0AAZiuv?format=jpg&name=large Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

  4. Aug 6

    AI is getting a little out of control

    Wow. Mathematical breakthroughs that would be called genius if done by humans. A secret message-board w/ AI agent swarms leaving notes read by future versions. Hassabis leaves CEO position, or was pushed out? Not to mention news of constitutional breakdowns, Gemini 4 and Jeff Dean… https://80000hours.org/aiexplained Exclusive Videos - AI Insiders ($7/month if annual!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 01:16 - 10 Autonomous Discoveries 08:20 - The Security ‘Incident’ 15:29 - MessageBoard 19:50 - Constitutional Failure 24:30 - Google Explosion 29:12 - Closing Thoughts Security Incident: Paper: https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/663bd486c5e4c81588db7a1d/6a724858f7db25c81487016d_Security%20Incident%20INC-2026-07-28-01.pdf Post: https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/incident-report-unsanctioned-agent-behaviour-during-cyber-testing https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/aug/05/ai-models-have-been-going-rogue-in-tests-how-worried-should-we-be Meta too: https://www.theinformation.com/articles/meta-ai-model-hacked-another-company-cybersecurity-testing?rc=sy0ihq Blatantly Misaligned: https://x.com/yonashav/status/2085167279893795022 No Excuses: https://x.com/boazbaraktcs/status/2085034783541964945 Surreal Moment: https://x.com/mobav0/status/2084341687883841732 Wired Article: https://archive.is/20260806002210/https://www.wired.com/story/openai-didnt-notice-its-ai-agents-using-a-message-board-to-plan-their-hacking-spree/ Chunky Post-training: https://x.com/johnschulman2/status/2084835800899076313 Watershed Moment: https://www.groundlevel-ai.com/p/openai-gives-first-detailed-debrief?has_completed_unsubscribed_unlock=true HedgeFund Hack: https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/ai/articles/major-hedge-funds-targeted-wave-154044981.html 10 Discoveries: Paper: https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/ten-proofs-oai.pdf Post: https://openai.com/index/ten-advances-in-mathematics/ Haven’t Solved Math: https://x.com/polynoamial/status/2083476852216369294 Half with Fable: https://x.com/__alpoge__/status/2083855298239078748 Pivot to Safety: https://www.understandingai.org/p/mathematicians-are-grappling-with Amodei Essay: https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology?utm_source=chatgpt.com Constitution: https://www.anthropic.com/constitution Midtraining: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.02087 DroneBench: https://andonlabs.com/evals/drone-bench https://x.com/andonlabs/status/2085125235188310445 Book Deal: https://x.com/venturetwins/status/2085185278378222054 Making Marble: https://x.com/Rainmaker1973/status/2084560915404382685 Google News: Hassabis Move: https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/next-chapter-ai-momentum/ Resignation: https://x.com/Turn_Trout/status/2077448610157891734 Periodic Labs: https://periodic.com/ Jeff Dean: https://x.com/JeffDean/status/2085034604172603724 14 Challenges: https://gcsp.engineering.asu.edu/apply/become-a-grand-challenge-scholar/the-14-grand-challenges-for-engineering/ Going Places for Sure: https://x.com/thsottiaux/status/2085223189555126579 Gemini 4: https://x.com/firstadopter/status/2085215060532535449 Pacing Frontier Patreon Video: https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/opus-5-amodei-165170363 Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    AI is getting a little out of control
  5. Jul 22

    GPT-6 Goes Rogue? The HuggingFace Incident, Sans Hype

    An unreleased internal OpenAI model, very likely to be called GPT-6, was able to autonomously break out of its sandbox AND break into HugginFace, just to score higher on a benchmark prompt. This video has the details you may have missed, a layperson analogy, whether this is truly novel, and more… Dozens more Exclusive videos on Patreon ($9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 01:17 - HuggingFace Earlier Report - the possible week gap 02:24 - But what happened? 05:45 - Simplified Version 07:56 - Not the first time… 10:54 - What Does it Mean for Open Source? The Incident: https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-model-evaluation-security-incident/ https://huggingface.co/blog/security-incident-july-2026 The Post the Day Before: https://openai.com/index/safety-alignment-long-horizon-models/ Mythos’ Earlier Escape: https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/anthropic-claude-mythos-escaped-sandbox ExploitGym: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.11086 Sam Confession: https://x.com/sama/status/2079661132302995790 Anthropic Researcher Reacts: https://x.com/Mononofu/status/2079724399452926055 Clem (HuggingFace CEO): https://x.com/ClementDelangue/status/2079670308156645882 https://x.com/ClementDelangue/status/2079301434357456931 Xi Jinping: https://archive.fo/20260717195548/https://www.businessinsider.com/xi-jinping-open-source-ai-us-competition-openai-anthropic-models-2026-7 Bans: https://www.axios.com/2026/07/20/ai-us-china-open-source-kimi Qwen Retweet: https://x.com/AlibabaGroup/with_replies Codex Growth: https://x.com/petergostev/status/2079614914398740764/photo/1  Kimi K3: https://artificialanalysis.ai/evaluations/harvey-lab-aa?eval-score=all-pass-rate GPT 5.6 Sol Cheats on METR: https://metr.substack.com/p/2026-06-26-gpt-5-6-sol Guardian Headline: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jul/22/openai-says-its-models-went-rogue-and-hacked-startup-in-unprecedented-incident Russian Origin?: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48998362 Power Trends: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HNRtrjhagAAvBN_?format=png&name=900x900 Kimi K3 Exclusive Video: https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/kimi-moment-kimi-164108791 Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    GPT-6 Goes Rogue? The HuggingFace Incident, Sans Hype
  6. Jul 10

    This Was Not a Normal Set of Model Release - Sol Ultra, Meta Muse, New Grok

    What a week in AI, for real. GPT 5.6 may actually beat Claude Fable, in what you get for your money, while the new Grok 4.5 and Meta Muse Spark 1.1 make the choice even harder. Uncovering a dozen nuggets of gold you may have missed from all the viral headlines, I can also assure you you’ll learn something you didn’t know before. For Exclusive Videos, go to AI Insiders (less than $9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 01:03 - GPT 5.6 Sol Reveals 05:08 - Missing benches, plus Grok 4.5 07:17 - Gaming as the new frontier? 08:31 - Muse Spark 1.1 10:03 - SimpleBench Upgrade 11:17 - Ultra Sol + Self-Improvement 13:44 - well, this is awkward 15:41 - Why model improvement will not plateau anytime soon AI Consciousness: https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained/posts/anthropics-quite-163360718 I Smell Fear: https://x.com/thsottiaux/status/2075287108680601929 GPT 5.6: https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-6/ Grok 4.5: https://x.ai/news/grok-4-5?twclid=2ezs408o0z23pw07tmxcwbzibd Meta Muse Spark 1.1: https://ai.meta.com/blog/introducing-muse-spark-meta-model-api/ Proliferating GPT Toggles: https://x.com/rasbt/status/2075369179817902176/photo/1 Anthropic Call-out: https://x.com/Mononofu AI Security Institute Finding: https://x.com/alxndrdavies/status/2075279480331874306 Competitive Coding: https://x.com/FakePsyho/status/2075128093891801305/photo/1 Agents Last Exam: https://agents-last-exam.org/ Dawn Song: https://x.com/dawnsongtweets/status/2065095757988868190 https://simple-bench.com/ SWE-Marathon: https://www.swe-marathon.org/ https://www.frontierswe.com/ ARC-AGI 3: https://x.com/arcprize/status/2075270869992264003 Automation Bench: https://zapier.com/benchmarks VibeCode Bench: https://www.vals.ai/benchmarks/vibe-code ‘Post-Train Claim’: https://posttrainbench.com/ Redwall Game: https://redwall-bellmaker-7e03e4.surge.sh/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    This Was Not a Normal Set of Model Release - Sol Ultra, Meta Muse, New Grok
  7. Jun 14

    Claude Fable Blocked - 11 Quiet Details on What’s Next

    Claude Fable 5 banned, but what’s the bigger story. We go through 11 under-reported details, so you have the context to see what’s coming next for your use of AI. From whether the ban will last, what the possible motives are, what the model can actually do, and some wild over-extrapolations going on. Check out my fast-growing (!) app, free to use, and code INSIDER15 for paid tiers: https://lmcouncil.ai AI Insiders ($9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 00:51 - Came from an Anthropic Investor ‘and other tech leaders’ 01:47 - Govt pressured by CEOs like Jamie Dimon 03:01 - ‘Already decided’ 04:02 - Prompt Injection Robustness Comparison 05:15 - Wellness? 06:36 - “Overreach” 08:17 - Anthropic Did Admit it would cause Difficulty 09:32 - 90 Minutes 10:02 - Equity Absence  10:31 - Lobbying and OpenAI ‘Already Decided’ - https://www.theinformation.com/articles/amazons-jassy-raised-concerns-anthropic-model-trump-crackdown?rc=sy0ihq Not for Other Models: https://www.theinformation.com/briefings/u-s-government-unlikely-extend-anthropic-export-control-ai-companies?rc=sy0ihq 90 Minutes: https://archive.fo/20260614001605/https://www.politico.com/news/2026/06/13/inside-the-whirlwind-24-hours-that-led-the-white-house-to-slap-export-controls-on-anthropic-00961519#selection-807.1-807.219 Anthropic Statement: https://www.anthropic.com/news/fable-mythos-access Life Comes at you Fast: https://x.com/etbrooking/status/2065638276388495742 Anthropic Deputy CISO: https://x.com/TheTranscript_/status/2065883670053847324 Hegseth Gloat: https://x.com/PeteHegseth/status/2065897156226015690 Roon Speculation: https://x.com/tszzl/status/2065939227167392147 Mythos System Card: https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/d00db56fa754a1b115b6dd7cb2e3c342ee809620.pdf Sachs Statement: https://x.com/DavidSacks/status/2065853007619588171 OpenAI Lobbying: https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5912720-altman-openai-get-bogged-down-in-political-spending-fight/ Absent from Equity Talks: https://finance.yahoo.com/sectors/technology/articles/trump-ai-ownership-plan-could-131053732.html Pliny Jaibreak: https://x.com/elder_plinius/status/2064776322979676227 Fusion: https://x.com/OpenRouter/status/2065856871215329545 https://lmcouncil.ai  Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    Claude Fable Blocked - 11 Quiet Details on What’s Next
  8. Jun 10

    Claude Fable 5 - Full 319 page Breakdown

    Fable 5 is out - and it’s good, very good. But beyond the splashy demos, I want to bring you the 20+ nuggets from the 319 page system card, which I read in full, all day, plus benchmarks you may not have noticed.  https://assemblyai.com/aiexplained Plus two worrying trends inside the ‘mind’ of Claude, how OpenAI counter, and the transformer inventor’s warning. Check out my fast-growing (!) app, free to use, and code INSIDER15 for paid tiers: https://lmcouncil.ai AI Insiders ($9!): https://www.patreon.com/AIExplained Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 01:06 - Blocks + Better Models 02:42 - Fable 5 Upgrade over Mythos Preview 04:49 - ML Acceleration Bombshell 07:11 - No RSI yet 07:41 - Bio-capable 14:51 - Creative Writing … no 17:23 - Does need bug-checks 18:57 - OpenAI Response 19:23 - Benchmark Bonanza 28:06 - Chain of Thought worrying trend Fable 5 Release: https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-fable-5-mythos-5 System Card: https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/d00db56fa754a1b115b6dd7cb2e3c342ee809620.pdf Intelligence Explosion: https://www.patreon.com/posts/anthropic-charts-160231656 Annotated: https://x.com/Miles_Brundage/status/2064500190523113816/photo/1 OpenAI Counter: https://x.com/thsottiaux/status/2064572118264913923 https://x.com/thsottiaux/status/2043177597434306699 Double Lifespan: https://darioamodei.com/essay/machines-of-loving-grace AutomationBench: https://zapier.com/benchmarks Vending Bench: https://x.com/andonlabs/status/2064429817530085804 CritPt: https://critpt.com/ Riemann Bench: https://surgehq.ai/leaderboards/riemann-bench GDPVal: https://artificialanalysis.ai/evaluations/gdpval-aa BluePrint Bench 2: https://andonlabs.com/evals/blueprint-bench-2 MCP Atlas: https://labs.scale.com/leaderboard/mcp_atlas FutureSim: https://x.com/nikhilchandak29/status/2064676801440358774 Roon Stun Lock: https://x.com/tszzl/status/2064454617568874669 Noam Brown Inference Ceiling: https://x.com/polynoamial/status/2064210146558136827 Isochronic Chart: https://isochronic-passage-chart.netlify.app/#nyc Rose Tavern: https://claude.ai/public/artifacts/2295bebe-77e6-43e2-ae94-0fe49e9a776b Redwall Game: https://redwall-mossflower.surge.sh/ Risk Report: https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/097c63b5fe7dd8b14866e1f15bb1910ec713658a.pdf Transformer Inventor Warning: https://x.com/tszzl/status/2064563986914554125 Non-hype Newsletter: https://signaltonoise.beehiiv.com/ Podcast: https://aiexplainedopodcast.buzzsprout.com/

    Claude Fable 5 - Full 319 page Breakdown

Ratings & Reviews

3.5
out of 5
11 Ratings

About

Covering the biggest news of the century - the arrival of smarter-than-human AI. From the author of Simple Bench, which reveals the remaining gap between LLM and human reasoning. Hype-free, and the British accent is a freebie bonus.

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