At the court of a French princess in the middle of the 12th century, an obscure poet named Chrétien de Troyes would begin to write and distribute fanciful stories of the Knights of the Round Table. In doing so, he would propel the figure of King Arthur to an unforeseen level of fame and create the medium of fiction as we know it. Following the previous discussion of earlier lore surrounding Arthur, and his potential historic basis, this episode of Gladio Free Europe explores the literary development and legacy of the Arthurian Romance. Liam and Russian Sam pick up with the release of Britain's first bestseller, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s fanciful Homeric pseudo-history, Historia Regnum Britanniae. As this book and its account of King Arthur spread across Europe, many derivative texts would be composed in prose and verse, sometimes elaborating further on King Arthur and his court. During the reign of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose vast territories included England and half of France, the brilliant court poet Chrétien de Troyes would synthesize the matter previously chronicled by Geoffrey and his predecessors with the poetic and heroic traditions of France. In Chrétien’s five Arthurian stories, the tone and themes of the older Song of Roland would be applied to the deeds of Arthur and his knights to create a genre of literature entirely its own. The works of Chrétien and his followers would illustrate the chivalric values idealized by the aristocrats of the high and late Middle Ages. King Arthur’s knights are valiant fighters, but also passionate lovers, merciful Christians, and fully-realized humans, exhibiting an interiority not seen in any European literature since classical antiquity. The chivalric romance would spread out of the French-speaking courts of England and France into popular circles across Europe, leaving a mark on the literature of Norway, Italy, Islamic Andalusia, and the Jewish diaspora. Chivalric romance, and Arthurian stories in particular, would become Europe’s first tradition of popular fiction and remain eminently popular until the end of the chivalric age itself. These stories were read not only for entertainment, but also for moral instruction. For good or ill, chivalric ideals such as courtly love and the knightly quest would impact the real behavior of the medieval warrior elite. By the later Middle Ages, Arthurian stories would become more solemn and meditative, particular in Arthur’s own land of Britain. After the carnage of the Wars of the Roses, a knight and prisoner named Thomas Malory would compose Le Morte Darthur, a sprawling biography that would become the most famous Arthurian work of all time. Written without any of the whit and whimsy as earlier French stories, this text would effectively conclude the chivalric romance tradition and define the legacy of King Arthur for centuries. Following a long period of neglect, artists and aesthetes in the Victorian age began to reappraise the works and values of the Middle Ages, with particular attention to the mournful chronicle of Thomas Malory. Writers such as Walter Scott and Alfred Tennyson would create new works in the chivalric tradition. Arthurian and medieval scenes would be of sudden interest to the painters of the 19th century, in particular the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood that included John William Waterhouse. This Victorian medievalism took many forms, and was at times associates with earnest progressive politics as well as deeply reactionary yearning for an imagined period of innocent morality and unquestioned hierarchy. Although Chrétien may not be a household name (unless your household is the French royal court) his contributions are everywhere. In all popular division, but in particular the modern genre of medieval fantasy, the images and themes first popularized by Chrétien de Troyes would rise again, as was prophesied of King Arthur himself.
