From the Spectrum: Finding Superpowers with Autism

Ryan Sumner
  • 4.9 (16)
  • SOCIAL SCIENCES
  • UPDATED WEEKLY

I'm Ryan, and I have Autism. From the Spectrum is a podcast about Autism. I am on a mission to explain Autism. Autism emerges in human evolution as a biological adaptation, possibly through neuroplasticity, responding to environmental shifts that harness light’s energy for life. Maybe, people fail to understand how living organisms use the energy from light to drive biochemistry and organize our biology. For each episode, we will discuss various aspects of Autism. At times, we can cover lots of what seems like complex biology and especially neuroscience, but I hope to convey an easy to understand delivery and use basic analogies to enhance the episodes. Lastly, thank you for listening to From the Spectrum podcast. X: https://twitter.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

  1. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus (TRN), Sensory Gating & Autism

    2D AGO

    Thalamic Reticular Nucleus (TRN), Sensory Gating & Autism

    Today's episode examines the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a GABAergic structure that filters sensory inputs to the thalamus, influencing sensory processing and attention in Autism. We'll explore how TRN dysfunction contributes to sensory hypersensitivity, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive strengths like visual thinking. We cover the TRN’s visual, somatosensory, auditory, and limbic sectors, using vivid analogies like a security guard and staring contest to illustrate its role. These mechanisms are linked to the Autistic phenotype’s challenges and unique perceptual abilities. Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism use "autism" for 10% discount at Fig Tree Christian Golf Apparel & Accessories https://figtreegolf.com/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 00:00 Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), GABAergic neurons, sensory gating 03:42 TRN functional roles, sensory gating, attentional modulation, brainwave generation, neuro-overload prevention 07:44 TRN inputs, basal ganglia, repetitive behaviors 11:15 Cognitive flexibility, prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, rigid responses, Autistic rigidity 14:38 TRN outputs, feedback inhibition, excitatory neurons, sensory tuning, gamma oscillations 18:35 Burst firing, tonic firing, sensory suppression, attention regulation, sleep spindles 22:12 Visual sector, "staring contest" analogy, parvalbumin & VIP interneurons, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual gating 25:50 Somatosensory sector, ventral basal complex, tactile hypersensitivity, sensory-emotional integration 29:15 Auditory sector, medial geniculate nucleus, auditory sensitivity, social processing deficits, clusters of noises in the environment, Beatles song comparison 33:00 Limbic sector, mediodorsal nucleus, anterior insula, emotional regulation, OCD-like behaviors, Leading the way in Adaptive Responses 36:47 TRN security guard analogy, sensory control, thoughts and plans, high-intensity stimuli 40:20 Visual attention, high gamma activity, subtle environmental cues, Autistic cognitive strengths 41:06 Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 discount 43:25 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    47 min
  2. Sonic Hedgehog & Inhibitory Neurons in Autism

    OCT 29

    Sonic Hedgehog & Inhibitory Neurons in Autism

    Today's episode explores the role of inhibitory neurons & the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene in shaping the Autistic phenotype, focusing on the excitation-inhibition imbalance that drives sensory hypersensitivity and cognitive challenges. Through a neuroscience lens, the episode connects these mechanisms to heightened gamma activity. Ben Ari Episode https://youtu.be/jo-ffwF9u0Y Parvalbumin Interneurons episode https://youtu.be/PBHVssvoQkM?si=t8WYGlcHcv7WiE-T Visual Thinking Part 1 https://youtu.be/XqQ8jCvWzYc?si=lffUEjGHjWj4mGOM Neurulation Part 1 https://youtu.be/gZdg9bX3Nuw?si=xvwtlz-p1hPHI8FA Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism use "autism" for 10% discount at Fig Tree Christian Golf Apparel & Accessories https://figtreegolf.com/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 00:00 - Autistic phenotype, excitation-inhibition imbalance, sensory hypersensitivity, cognitive deficits 03:40 - Inhibitory neurons, GABA receptors, GABA-A, GABA-B, GABA-C, tonic inhibition 07:24 - Tonic firing, burst firing, phasic firing, neural oscillations, sensory processing 08:31 - Sonic Hedgehog gene, neural development, GABAergic identity, thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) 14:48 - Parvalbumin interneurons, fast-spiking, gamma oscillations, sensory gating, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 18:22 - Parvalbumin dysfunction, sensory hypersensitivity, visual cortex (V1), EI imbalance, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 22:02 - Somatostatin interneurons, feedback inhibition, dendritic modulation, sensory adaptation, hippocampus 25:43 - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons, disinhibition, pyramidal activity, attention, social processing 29:30 - Calbindin interneurons, calretinin interneurons, dendritic inhibition, sensory processing, anterior insula 33:15 - Purkinje cells, cerebellum, motor control, cognitive timing, cell loss in autism 36:00 - Evolutionary perspective, parvalbium density, neural circuit stabilization, sensory-cognitive processing 39:25 - Gamma activity, visual processing, retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, attention to detail, autistic self 39:52 Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 discount 42:13 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount 45:17 Reviews & Contact Info X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    46 min
  3. (Re-Release) Autism & Parkinson's

    OCT 22

    (Re-Release) Autism & Parkinson's

    In this episode, we explore the connections between Autism and Parkinson's, focusing particularly on the basal ganglia and its substructures, notably the substantia nigra within the midbrain. We discuss how the substantia nigra, known for its high concentration of neuromelanin, plays a critical role in these disorders. The episode examines how neuromelanin, a dark pigment, not only absorbs all frequencies of light but also has antioxidant properties, binds metals, and acts as a neuroprotector. This discussion leads into the broader implications of environmental signals, particularly light, on human biology, touching on how modern changes in light exposure might affect these conditions. We examine the role of tyrosine in the synthesis of neuromelanin and its derivatives like dopamine, which are crucial for neural function. We look at how deficiencies or imbalances in these pathways could lead to the symptoms observed in Autism and Parkinson's, including motor function issues. The conversation also covers the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia, explaining how these pathways facilitate or inhibit movement, respectively, and how their dysfunction can manifest in the characteristic motor symptoms of both disorders. We also touch on the significance of thyroid function, particularly the roles of T3 and T4 hormones, in brain development and neuron health, tying these elements back to the overarching theme of energy loss and transduction in both Autism and Parkinson's. Autism and Parkinson's are a lack of, or a loss of, energy. Biological Energy: Quantum Mechanisms, Water, DHA, and NF-kB: https://youtu.be/2-IA_gunXbw Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 0:00 Autism and Parkinson's; Basal Ganglia; Substantia Nigra; Neuromelanin; Internal Calculators 2:15 Tyrosine; Chromophores; Aromatic Amino Acids 3:50 Biological Energy; Mitochondria; Environmental Signals; Cytochrome C Oxidase; Autism Research Miss 6:20 Deep Brain Stimulation 6:48 Neuromelanin 9:02 Reverse Engineer ATPase 10:48 Tree Examples 11:45 Hypoxia and loss of energy & dopamine 12:26 Eyes, hair, & skin; RPE; efficiency & power; What is Light? 13:58 Light; Information & Energy; electromagnetic; wave-particle duality; sunlight versus artificial light 17:08 Thyroid; T3 & T4; Iodine 18:31 Roles of T3 23:00 Loss of energy in the womb & Autism research 25:00 Melanin + Water = Electrons 26:40 Basal Ganglia; "Motivations" & Movements; Direct Pathway 30:55 Indirect Pathway 32:52 Go, No-Go; Action selection, learning & habits; fine motor skills 34:18 Parkinson's and loss of timing & energy; modulating the two pathways & dopamine 37:07 Reviews/Ratings & contact info X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    38 min
  4. Ahmad Ammous, MD: Exposing Medicine’s Profit Mills & Embracing Quantum Biology's Healing Powers

    OCT 15

    Ahmad Ammous, MD: Exposing Medicine’s Profit Mills & Embracing Quantum Biology's Healing Powers

    In this episode, Dr. Ahmad Ammous, MD, exposes the profit-driven "profit mills" of modern medicine, critiquing its reliance on pills to manage symptoms rather than address root causes. Drawing from his journey as an internal medicine physician, he challenges pharmaceutical-centric practices and delves into quantum biology’s healing potential, exploring topics like light-driven energy production through melanin’s water-splitting mechanism, cytochrome sensitivity to red and blue light in the electron transport chain, and circadian biology’s role in melatonin and cortisol regulation. Dr. Ammous offers practical solutions, such as paleo diets and sunlight exposure, to optimize health, while advocating for decentralized systems, including Bitcoin, to empower patients over profits. Modern Medicine is Profits over Humanity THIS IS NOT MEDICAL ADVICE Centralized Medicine = PROFITS over HUMANITY Dr. Ammous X https://x.com/AmmousMD Dr. Ammous website https://ammousmd.com/?v=eb65bcceaa5f Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills, use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 0:00 Dr. Ahmad Ammous, MD; Internal Medicine Medical Doctor 5:22 The Harms of Medical School 8:13 The Profit Mill in Centralized Medicine & Banks; Rockefeller Medicine & Fed Reserve; Flexnor Report; Big Harma (Pharma) 14:21 The Role of Light in Life & Health; Isolated Blue Light is the new smoking 17:09 Melanin 20:13 Melanin's Role as an Antioxidant & Detoxing 23:07 Autism & Sensitivities 26:24 Melatonin's Additional Roles 29:10 The Harms of Artificial Light on Health; POMC; Cortisol 31:18 Artificial Light at Night & Sleep; Massive Hormone Disruptor 33:21 The Electron Transport Chain & OXPHOS; Cytochromes; Biological Energy; ROS; Red Light & Cytochrome C Oxidase 38:21 The Massive Scams of Heart Prescriptions, Guidelines, Cholesterol and Statins & a leading cause of death is still Heart Disease, Heart Attacks; Big Harma 49:19 Environmental Factors & Modern Diseases 53:55 Covert Push:Pull Tactic on Humans from Medicine & Health Insurance; The Profit Mills 58:38 Autism & Lifestyle; Circadian Rhythms, Diet, & GI 59:35 Daylight Computer Company, use "autism" for $50 discount 1:03:00 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    1h 7m
  5. Autism and Speech, Language, & Communication Disorders

    OCT 8

    Autism and Speech, Language, & Communication Disorders

    Today's episode is all about Autism and its associated communication disorders, as outlined in the DSM-5-TR, focusing on social communication disorder (SCD), childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering), speech sound disorder, and developmental language disorder (DLD), which affect 50-70%, 4-22%, 20-30%, and up to 50% of Autistic individuals, respectively. We explore neural underpinnings, highlighting hypoactivation in brain regions and brain waves are discussed that are critical for social cognition, alongside disrupted connectivity in networks like the arcuate and superior longitudinal fasciculi. Two genes- FOXP2 and CNTNAP2 are also discussed. Other relevant episodes: Decoding the Brain: How Reading works in Autism and Dyslexia https://youtu.be/s1-7HZchy84?si=-r9foWP8Gmw-Wsx2 Autism and Speech & Language https://youtu.be/jhAA-UWduKg?si=TfVWi9AfbFZgv8XV Autism and Sensory Processing part 2 https://youtu.be/iWy9Rligzic?si=2LATDK0bPl6jjat9 Daylight Computer Company use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 00:00 - Introduction to Autism and Communication Disorders; DSM-5-TR, social communication, pragmatic deficits, stuttering, speech sound disorder, developmental language disorder 04:02 - Brain Regions and Social Cognition; medial prefrontal cortex, temporal parietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, "theory of mind", hypoactivation 06:01 - Autistic Phenotype and Neural Connectivity; Mirror neurons, sensory processing, under-connectivity, arcuate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus 11:38 - Brainwave Patterns and Measurement Techniques; EEG, MEG, gamma band, alpha band suppression, fMRI, DTI & Factional Anisotropy 16:27 - Genetic Contributions to Communication; FOXP2, CNTNAP2, neural circuits, synaptic plasticity, language processing 19:56 - Social Communication Disorder (SCD); Overview pragmatic language, non-verbal cues, autism differentiation 24:45 - Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering); basal ganglia, motor planning, rTMS, dopamine signaling, Go-Stop, Go-Stop, Go-Stop... 30:05 - Speech Sound Disorder Speech; Broca’s area, superior temporal gyrus, articulation errors, PROMPT therapy 35:25 - Developmental Language Disorder (DLD); Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, language comprehension, early intervention 40:56 - Importance of Early Intervention; speech therapy, neural connectivity, personalized interventions, neurofeedback. X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    42 min
  6. Decoding the Brain: How Reading Works in Autism and Dyslexia

    OCT 1

    Decoding the Brain: How Reading Works in Autism and Dyslexia

    This week's episode is all about Reading. We will go through the entire process from the moment light hits the retina (50-100ms) to formulating speech (600ms or so). That is, either speaking out loud or silently speaking while reading, a phenomena called subvocalization. We do this when reading to the self. Either way, we speak while reading. We will compare so called normal readers, the Autistic phenotype, and dyslexia, and at times the odd contrasts of the Autistic phenotype AND dyslexia. Lots of neurobiology, measurement instruments, brain waves (oscillations, frequencies), however, I will hopefully provide easy to understand analogies. The entire reading process is covered. Daylight Computer Company use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism Cognity AI for Autistic Social Skills use "autism" for 10% discount at https://thecognity.com 00:00 - Overview of reading process and neurobiology 03:28 - Visual processing in V1 (primary visual cortex), V2-V4 (secondary visual cortex) 4:42 - Neuroplasticity of Blind using V1-V4 for Braille 07:17 - Neural oscillations (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma) 10:07 - Visual word form area (VWFA) recognizes patterns, begins sequencing letters & recognizes the word, Example: "d-o-g" & 'd' not 'b', 'o' not 'c,' 'g' not 'p.' 13:01 - Phonological processing in temporal-parietal cortex 15:54 - Fractional anisotropy (FA) & Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and arcuate fasciculus; Myelination, Water Flow, Garden Hose example 18:06 - Detailed discussion of orthographic processing begins (VWFA’s role in recognizing visual word forms) 21:26 - Detailed discussion of cerebellum’s role in eye movements begins (Purkinje cells and saccades) 24:07 - Detailed discussion of spelling difficulties begins (orthographic processing challenges in autism/dyslexia) 27:41 - Detailed discussion of semantic integration begins (delays in dyslexia, inferior frontal gyrus) 30:55 - Detailed discussion of orthographic confusion begins (e.g., "except" vs. "expert") 33:30 - Detailed discussion of phonological processing begins (temporal-parietal cortex mapping words to sounds) 34:18 - Cerebellum mentioned regarding tongue movements (Purkinje cells refine timing for speech) 36:10 - Subvocalization in silent reading 37:07 - Oscillations in VWFA for autistic phenotype; Comprehension lags in Autism due to delayed N400 39:19 Daylight Computer Company (and Daylight Kids !), use "autism" for $50 discount 41:40 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount 44:52 Reviews/Ratings, Contact Info X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    46 min
  7. Visual Thinking part 2: Machine Learning/AI, Catalogs for Categories, & Accelerated Learning

    SEP 24

    Visual Thinking part 2: Machine Learning/AI, Catalogs for Categories, & Accelerated Learning

    Today's episode continues with visual thinking. We will learn more about the accelerated learning patterns with visual thinking and the Autistic phenotype. Autistic individuals create detailed mental "catalogs" of images and experiences, much like AI’s data processing. We explore Temple Grandin’s vivid descriptions of thinking in pictures, alongside early observations from Kanner (1943) and Asperger (1944), who noted autistic intelligence in their "little professors." The discussion covers weak central coherence theory & specific details drives exceptional learning but can complicate social interactions and broader contextual understanding. We will discuss the Autistic brain and machine learning, from pattern recognition to iterative refinement. Enhanced neural connections, like those linking the visual and frontal cortex, enable Autistic individuals to excel in tasks requiring precision, such as spotting subtle differences or memorizing facts. The episode contrasts this unique cognitive style with societal norms, advocating for embracing these strengths. Frith & Happe Weak Central Coherence https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0 Visual Thinking part 1: Neurobiology & Autistic's Intense Inner World https://youtu.be/XqQ8jCvWzYc?si=3cEIm1omi0JUAKSK Daylight Computer Company use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism 00:00 - Introduction to Visual Thinking; "movies" in the mind, and its impact on learning. 02:02 - Historical Context of Autism References to Leo Kanner (1943) and Hans Asperger (1944) highlight early observations of autistic intelligence, with terms like "little professors" and "autism" (from "autos," meaning self) 04:01 - Social Norms vs. Autistic Phenotype The autistic cognitive style contrasts with societal expectations, which favor fitting individuals into predictable "boxes" for evaluation and acceptance, making social integration and education challenging for autistic individuals. 06:01 - Cataloging and AI Parallels; mental catalogs & specific images or experiences, similar to AI & machine learning, catalogs for categories 08:46 Weak Central Coherence Theory; local, detail-oriented processing over global integration, enabling strengths like spotting hidden shapes 10:28 Enhanced Perceptual Functioning, visual and auditory domains, allowing precise cataloging of sensory details, tasks & precision. 12:02 Anecdotal Person Comparison & Associative Learning 15:30 Pattern Recognition and Detail Focus 18:26 Types of Visual Thinkers 20:36 Neural Connectivity 23:22 Perceptual Learning and Neuroplasticity; Accelerated learning 27:04 AI and Autistic Brain Similarities 33:35 Daylight Computer Company (and Daylight Kids !), use "autism" for $50 discount 35:53 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount 38:59 Don't underestimate this Autistic Phenotype. X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    40 min
  8. Visual Thinking part 1: Neurobiology & Autistic's Intense Inner World

    SEP 17

    Visual Thinking part 1: Neurobiology & Autistic's Intense Inner World

    Today's episode is all about visual thinking. We will explore vivid mental imagery and sensory processing. We will cover why Autistic individuals process detailed "pictures and movies" in the mind, exemplified by an anecdote of visualizing oak tree bark with tactile detail. Sensory challenges are highlighted, with a Bee Movie analogy illustrating the intense, efficient visual input. The Autistic sensory journey is described as fast but rocky, contrasting with non-autistic processing. Hyperconnectivity in visual pathways amplifies detail-oriented cognition, often leading to sensory overload. The episode explains how retinal ganglion cells and visual cortex hyperactivity enhance imagery in Autism. Kanner and Asperger’s observations underscore visual memory strengths and technical interests, like pattern recognition. Increased mini-column density and reduced inhibition boost local processing but risk overload. Temple Grandin’s insights show visual thinking’s strengths in tasks like designing animal pathways, though social tasks challenge due to weaker prefrontal connectivity. The Autistic brain’s wiring is framed as a unique strength, fostering intense, detailed cognition Temple Grandin https://www.templegrandin.com/templegrandinbooks.html Sensory Processing part 1 https://youtu.be/HTnFm8nY4oY?si=4Xso_tI_hMwhY_SX Sensory Processing part 2 https://youtu.be/n31gyLb4ddM?si=CouaBhiVm8KixtG- Supplementing Relationships part 1 https://youtu.be/lglEGQ7pSlc?si=ncpla784LxOyUcQc Supplementing Relationships part 2 https://youtu.be/W8E2B7Qu4mg?si=UJE850SwvPmtOmEk Daylight Computer Company use "autism" for $50 off at https://buy.daylightcomputer.com/autism Chroma Light Devices use "autism" for 10% discount at https://getchroma.co/?ref=autism 00:00 Introduction to Visual Thinking 02:00 Anecdote: Oak Tree Visualization; tree bark, tactile 05:50 Sensory Processing Challenges; overload, information rate, avoidance 09:40 Anecdote: Bee Movie Analogy; synchronized, intense, fast 13:30 Autistic Sensory Rates/Speeds 17:20 Eye Biology and Neural Relays; Retinal ganglion, SHANK3; Building Models details-to-general 21:10 Magnocellular vs. Parvocellular Pathways; Motion, color, glutamate, GABA signaling 25:00 Visual Cortex Hyperactivity; V1-V4, fMRI, synaptic pruning, details 28:50 Mini-Columns and Sensory Overload; Neural units, inhibition, dense connections 32:40 Kanner and Asperger Insights; Social isolation, technical interests, patterns 38:39 Daylight Computer Company (and Daylight KIDS !), use "autism" for $50 discount 40:54 Chroma Light Devices, use "autism" for 10% discount 44:07 Reviews/Ratings & Contact Info X: https://x.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

    45 min
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4.9
out of 5
16 Ratings

About

I'm Ryan, and I have Autism. From the Spectrum is a podcast about Autism. I am on a mission to explain Autism. Autism emerges in human evolution as a biological adaptation, possibly through neuroplasticity, responding to environmental shifts that harness light’s energy for life. Maybe, people fail to understand how living organisms use the energy from light to drive biochemistry and organize our biology. For each episode, we will discuss various aspects of Autism. At times, we can cover lots of what seems like complex biology and especially neuroscience, but I hope to convey an easy to understand delivery and use basic analogies to enhance the episodes. Lastly, thank you for listening to From the Spectrum podcast. X: https://twitter.com/rps47586 YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

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