The Academic Minute

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Astronomy to Zoology academicminute.substack.com

  1. 10H AGO

    Robert Huggins, University of Connecticut - High School Athletic Trainers Save Lives - Why Aren't There More of Them?

    On University of Connecticut Sports Science Week: Having an athletic trainer on hand can be lifesaving for athletes. Why are there not more of them? Robert Huggins, Assistant Professor in the Department of Kinesiology, examines. Dr. Robert Huggins is currently the President of Occupational Safety and Athlete Performance at the Korey Stringer Institute. He is also an Assistant Professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Connecticut. Dr. Huggins oversees the operations of the Athlete Performance Testing division of KSI and the Heat Safety Performance Coalition (HSPC) which strives to protect occupational laborers and workers from the dangerous effects of acute and chronic heat exposure. Dr. Huggins is the director of the Athletic Training Locations and Services (ATLAS) Project which keeps track of the level of AT services in over 21,000 secondary schools in the U.S. since 2015.Dr. Huggins focuses on two major areas of research, 1) athlete/laborer health, safety, and performance and 2) the access and provision of Athletic Training Services to secondary schools. In athletes and laborers, his research interests include the heat illness prevention, thermoregulation, hydration, and monitoring training load/workload and physiological biomarkers for the prevention of injury/illness. Related to AT services, his research focuses on improving the delivery of AT services at the secondary school level, emergency best practices in youth athletes, and the economic impact of medical services rendered by ATs. Dr. Huggins has been a lead or co-author on ~70 publications) and has delivered ~80 professional presentations throughout the US. His work can be found here (Research Gate and Google Scholar) The Athletic Training Locations and Services or ATLAS Project has been keeping track of the level of Athletic Training Services in the over 21,000 high schools with athletics programs in the United States since 2015. This project is a joint effort between the National Athletic Trainers’ Association and the Korey Stringer Institute. Our key aims were to provide impactful data in an effort to identify areas of need, understand the factors driving the provision of AT services in schools across the U.S. and state by state, and to determine the impact that appropriate medical care has on sudden death and injury outcomes in high school sport. We’ve surveyed over 13,000 schools every 2-3 years for the past 10 years totaling ~39,000 surveys. These data provide key data in real-time, to schools, school boards, coaches, parents, high school athletics associations, and state athletic training associations to ensure that they have a pulse on their state and the provision of athletic healthcare and where they need to focus their efforts. Some examples of what our research has found include:• One third (33%) of high schools in the US do NOT have AT services, that school size, geographic locale/urbanicity, and poverty are some of the driving factors related to having versus not having an AT. • High schools with full time AT services are 2.1 to 4.3 times greater odds of having life-saving equipment needed for exertional heatstroke, anaphylaxis, exertional sickling, asthma, and diabetes prevention and care.• Minority student-athletes have lower sudden cardiac arrest survival rates compared with white non-Hispanic student-athletes (51.1% vs 75.9%)• High schools with higher levels of poverty were associated with lower AT employment, and access to AT services highlighting the need for strategies to ensure student athlete safety in higher poverty regions.ATLAS has provided key data that has informed decisions, enhanced the provision of healthcare in the form of AT services, and has ensured that athletes remain safe during sport. Read More:[UConn Today] - Athletic Trainer Employment in High Schools Associated with Fewer Fatalities and Injuries This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  2. Rebecca L. Stearns, University of Connecticut - Preventing Sudden Death in High School Athletes

    1D AGO

    Rebecca L. Stearns, University of Connecticut - Preventing Sudden Death in High School Athletes

    On University of Connecticut Sports Science Week: How do we prevent sudden deaths in sports? Rebecca L. Stearns, associate professor-in-residence in the department of kinesiology, details potential strategies. Rebecca Stearns currently works as the Chief Operating Officer of the Korey Stringer Institute within the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Connecticut. During her time at Connecticut, Dr. Stearns has published more than 75 peer-reviewed publications and provided over 50 local or national presentations on subjects related to exertional heat stroke, heat-related illnesses, enhancing athletic performance in the heat, preventing sudden death in sport, and hydration. Dr. Stearns has been a co-author on numerous sports medicine inter-association task forces and position statement pertaining to sudden death in exercise including: The National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement on Preventing Sudden Death in Sports, the Inter-Association Task Force For Preventing Sudden Death In Collegiate Conditioning Sessions as well as in Secondary School Athletics Programs. In April 2010, Dr. Stearns became one of the founding members of the Korey Stringer Institute and continues to work towards the KSI mission of serving the public to work towards preventing sudden death in sport by means of education, advocacy, public policy change, research, media outreach, and publications. In 2001, Minnesota Vikings offensive lineman Korey Stringer tragically died from exertional heat stroke during training camp. His death sparked a movement to prevent sudden death in sport, culminating in the creation of the Korey Stringer Institute at the University of Connecticut. One of our most impactful initiatives is the Team Up for Sports Safety, or TUFSS, campaign. Since 2018, we’ve traveled to 48 states to work directly with state leaders, athletic trainers, physicians, and policymakers. Our mission: to advance evidence-based health and safety policies that protect high school athletes. The science behind exertional heat stroke continues to guide our efforts. Modifications to activity based on Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)—a measure of environmental heat stress—can reduce exertional heat illnesses by up to 79%. Additionally, when best practices for heat acclimatization are mandated, such as gradually increasing amount of practice time, when contact can occur for contact sports, and when equipment can be introduced in hot conditions, heat illness rates drop by 55% during the high-risk preseason period when most cases occur among high school athletes. The project has been a massive success. When we began, fewer than 50% of states had adopted the component policies that make up five key areas: sudden cardiac arrest, exertional heat stroke, exertional sickling, access to medical services, and emergency planning. Today, these categories have over 50% of the respective policies adopted nationwide—a major step forward in protecting young athletes. TUFSS is about collaboration. By bringing together experts and decision-makers, we’re helping states adopt policies that save lives. But the work isn’t done. Continued effort is needed to reach our goal: preventing sudden death in secondary school athletes. Every student deserves to play safely—and every parent deserves peace of mind. Read More:[National Library of Medicine] - Fatal Exertional Heat Stroke Trends in Secondary School Sports From 1982 Through 2022 [UConn Today] - Athletic Trainer Employment in High Schools Associated with Fewer Fatalities and Injuries This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  3. Dimitris Xygalatas, University of Connecticut - The Emotional Power of Sports Rituals

    2D AGO

    Dimitris Xygalatas, University of Connecticut - The Emotional Power of Sports Rituals

    On University of Connecticut Sports Science Week: How do social rituals bind us together? Dimitris Xygalatas, associate professor of anthropology, looks at sports fans for clues. Dr. Xygalatas is a cognitive anthropologist whose research combines laboratory and field methods to study human interaction in real-life settings. He has conducted several years of fieldwork in Southern Europe and Mauritius, and continues to go to the field each year. Before coming to UConn, he held positions at the universities of Princeton, Aarhus, and Masaryk, where he served as Director of the Laboratory for the Experimental Research of Religion (LEVYNA). At UConn, he directs the Experimental Anthropology Lab, which develops methods and technologies for quantifying behavior in real-life settings. He is affiliated with the Cognitive Science Program, the Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy. What makes sports fans so passionate? Is it the thrill of competition, the skill of the athletes, or something else entirely? Recent research suggests that the most powerful emotional moments may not happen during the game itself, but in the rituals that surround it.To explore this, we studied Brazilian football fans during a major cup final in the city of Belo Horizonte. Using wearable heart-rate monitors, we tracked their physiological responses before, during, and after the match—including a remarkable pregame ritual known as the Rua de Fogo, or Route of Fire.Hours before kickoff, thousands of fans lined the avenue leading to the stadium, waiting for their team’s bus. When it appeared, the crowd erupted. Night turned into day as they ignited thousands of flares, creating a sea of pulsating light and smoke while chanting in unison.The physiological data showed something extraordinary. This pregame ritual produced emotional arousal as intense as the most dramatic moments of the match itself. Even more striking, fans’ heart rates became synchronized, literally beating in unison. And this synchrony extended to those riding on the team bus, who showed the same pattern of arousal despite not actively participating in the ritual.These findings reveal that sports fandom is not simply about watching. It’s about shared experience. Rituals like the Rua de Fogo transform crowds into cohesive groups, generating emotional synchrony that strengthens social bonds.The implications reach far beyond sports. From concerts and political rallies to religious gatherings and public protests, understanding how shared rituals create unity offers insights into the social glue that binds communities, highlighting how physical presence and coordinated action shape our emotional lives. Read More:[PNAS] - Route of fire: Pregame rituals and emotional synchrony among Brazilian football fans This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  4. 3D AGO

    Jennifer B. Fields, University of Connecticut - Too Many Young Athletes Are Flunking Nutrition

    On University of Connecticut Sports Science Week: Nutrition is important for athletics, so why are so many athletes poorly informed? Jennifer B. Fields, Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences, investigates this question. Jennifer Fields is an assistant professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences within the College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources at the University of Connecticut. Earning her BS at the University of Maryland in 2013, she went on to earn an MS in health promotion and nutrition education at American University and a Ph.D. in Kinesiology at George Mason University. Her research interests focus on optimizing athlete health and sport performance through investigations into low energy availability, nutritional status, nutritional interventions, body composition, and sport technology. High school student-athletes face unique nutritional challenges. Specifically, they’re training hard while still growing, which increases their energy and nutrient needs compared to adults. If their nutritional needs aren’t met, it can lead to decreased performance and longer recovery, heightened risk of injury, and low energy availability which may have long-lasting effects on their overall health. Unlike collegiate or professional athletes, most high school athletes don’t have access to sports dietitians or formal nutrition education, so their eating habits are often shaped by their parents, social media, or socioeconomic factors. Research also shows that better nutrition knowledge is linked to healthier eating habits, suggesting that education could make a real difference. So, our main question was: do high school athletes truly understand their energy and macronutrient needs, and what is their current level of sports nutrition knowledge?To explore this, we recruited high school athletes, both boys and girls, and had them complete 2 surveys: one was a validated sports-nutrition knowledge questionnaire and the other was an internally developed survey where they self-reported what they believed their energy and macronutrient needs were for their sport. Then we compared those beliefs against evidence-based recommendations from the International Society of Sports Nutrition.What we found turned out to be pretty interesting. On the knowledge test, athletes correctly answered only about 43-45% of questions, which was classified as “poor knowledge.” And when we looked at their perceived dietary requirements, they significantly underestimated how many calories and carbohydrates they needed, while highly overestimating how much protein and fat they needed. Overall, it’s recommended that high school athletes be exposed to more educational interventions focused on general nutrition concepts, sports-related fueling strategies, and the unique dietary requirements of athletes to help them better understand fueling strategies for optimal performance and health. Read More:[UConn Today] - On the Field with Sports Nutritionist Jennifer Fields [MDPI] - Nutrition Knowledge and Perceived Dietary Requirements of Adolescent Student-Athletes: A Pilot Study This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  5. 4D AGO

    Julie P. Burland, University of Connecticut - Predicting In-Season Injuries Among Women's Basketball Players

    On University of Connecticut Sports Science Week: Predicting injuries could be key to team success. Julie P. Burland, director of research at the Institute for Sports Medicine, examines this possibility. Julie Burland’s research background is in the evaluation and recovery of neuromuscular function and psychosocial factors influencing postoperative and return to sport outcomes after ACL reconstruction. Specifically her work has proposed the presence of learned helplessness, a psychobehavioral phenomenon, and its direct link to neurological alterations after ACLR. This work also explores how learned helplessness may influence other clinically relevant outcomes such as lower extremity biomechanics, quadriceps health and perceived function. Developing this knowledge base will help to inform future rehabilitation practices and return to physical activity progressions after ACL reconstruction. Her long-term career objective is to continue to produce research that will help advance clinical rehabilitation science and effectively translate this knowledge to clinicians in order to promote lower extremity joint health, psychosocial well-being and long-term quality of life across active populations. I have long been concerned about the continued high rate of lower-extremity injuries—especially ACL tears and ankle sprains—among female basketball players. These injuries not only sideline athletes but also heighten their risk of developing early-onset osteoarthritis. Traditional training and injury prevention strategies may help, but they don’t reveal which athletes are most vulnerable injury due to high repetitive impact load during a long season. Meanwhile, in military and tactical populations, elevated markers of cartilage metabolism have been linked to subsequent ACL injuries—suggesting a biomolecular signal might flag risk before a tear occurs. So my question became: could we translate these military findings to our traditional athlete and combine wearable sensors and blood biomarkers to pinpoint athletes at elevated risk?Over the course of a collegiate women’s basketball season, I tracked eleven athletes from preseason to postseason. We outfitted them with inertial measurement units on both lower legs to capture cumulative impact loading, bone stimulus, and step intensity during practice sessions. At six distinct times throughout the season, we drew blood and analyzed cartilage synthesis markers (CPII and CS846) and degradation markers (C2C). Injury incidence was recorded daily in collaboration with the team’s athletic trainer. We then evaluated correlations among impact loading, biomarker trajectories, and injury outcomes.Our results showed that preseason and early-season moderate-to-high impacts (6–200 g) were significantly associated with later lower-extremity injuries. Increases in CS846 and CPII were linked with cumulative bone stimulus and predicted overall injury incidence. Notably, elevated CS846 values measured before and early in the season were particularly indicative of higher injury risk.Together, these findings suggest that mechanical loading and cartilage biology converge to shape injury vulnerability. Monitoring both impact and biomarkers may usher in a new, more proactive era in sports medicine—one where at-risk individuals can be identified before an injury ever happens. Read More:[UConn Today] - Biomarkers Predict In-Season Injuries for Women’s Basketball Players [ScienceDirect] - Cumulative Impact Loading and Cartilage Synthesis Biomarkers May Be Associated With Injury Risk in Female Collegiate Basketball Players This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  6. MAR 13

    Paul Gölz, Cornell University - How Math Can Save You a Family Fight

    On Cornell Engineering Week: Dividing up a bundle of items fairly can be very tricky, especially for families. Paul Gölz, assistant professor of operations research and information engineering, looks to mathematics for help. Paul Gölz is an assistant professor at Cornell University. He studies the algorithms and mathematics of democracy and fairness, and how these fields can inform AI development. Picture three siblings dividing an inheritance. One is fond of a piece of art, the others could both use the car, everyone wants the dining table, … and suddenly they’re fighting over how to split the goods. Whether you’re splitting an estate or Halloween candy, mathematics can help by making precise when a division is “fair” and by creating procedures that find one. Ideally, we’d like a division that is envy-free, which means that no sibling prefers another sibling’s bundle of items over their own. But perfect envy-freeness isn’t always possible—say if everyone wants the car. So, researchers in the area of fair division developed a more flexible standard of fairness, which allows for some envy, but only a small amount: your envy for another’s bundle should disappear if you could remove just one item from it. This axiom works well because it’s always achievable when dividing items across individuals. But here is a twist: what if the siblings have spouses? A division that seems fair to the siblings could still leave a spouse thinking their household got shortchanged, based on how the spouse values the items. Can we divide them so that the siblings and their spouses find the allocation fair? For two couples, we prove that the answer is yes; such a division always exists. But add another couple, and sometimes no division will satisfy everyone. That’s the bad news. The good news? We developed an algorithm that works for any number of couples, which guarantees a different fairness axiom called proportionality: every person feels that their group received at least their fair share of the total value, give or take a few items. This algorithm offers a mathematically fair way to divide goods among households or other groups of people—and hopefully to avoid an argument. Read More:Fair Division Among Couples and Small Groups This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  7. Hunter Adams, Cornell University - Can We Save The Planet By Turning It Into a Computer?

    MAR 12

    Hunter Adams, Cornell University - Can We Save The Planet By Turning It Into a Computer?

    On Cornell Engineering Week: What can the natural world tell us about computers? Hunter Adams, assistant teaching professor of electrical and computer engineering, examines what we can learn from nature. Hunter Adams is an assistant teaching professor at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. As a former Cornell student with degrees in physics and aerospace engineering, he worked in the Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics before joining the Space Systems Design Studio where he managed a team of engineers constructing a spacecraft called Violet. As a faculty member, Adams enjoys working with students and collaborating with researchers in a range of disciplines, including plant sciences, veterinary science, electrical engineering, ornithology, and computer science. Let me ask you a deceptively difficult question: What is a computer?We can all point to examples of computers. Things like laptops, cell phones, slide rules, and calculators. But what is the property that all these items share which makes them computers? Are there other objects, objects that we don’t typically think of as “computers,” which share this property?Here’s a definition: a computer is anything which usefully transforms one quantity into another quantity. All of the engineered systems that I’ve just listed share this property, but so do many natural systems that we don’t typically think of as computers!We could point to lots of examples. Want to find the shortest path through a complicated environment? No need to build a computer or write a program, just re- create that environment around an ant colony and allow them to find the path for you! Want to classify objects moving through a forest? The woodland creatures react in different ways to different sorts of intrusions. Use the birds, bees, and megafauna as a giant neural net that performs classification by way of their unique responses to cars, people, drones, or whatever else.These and other natural systems are modeled by equations, and the goal of many scientists is to find these equations. But any system that can be modeled by an equation can also be used as a special-purpose computer for solving that equation! Natural computing does not use math to model nature, it uses nature to do math, and to store and process data!The supercomputers of the future will not be constructed at the cost of nature, but will include nature. In addition to giving us access to lots more compute, this has the potential to guarantee nature’s preservation. As soon as healthy forests generate more dollars than lumber, we won’t need fences around our forests. The economic value of the forest, and of all other natural systems, may lay in its ability to process, store, and move data.Maybe, we can save the planet by turning it into a computer. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
  8. MAR 11

    Eve Donnelly, Cornell University - The Hidden Science Inside Our Bones

    On Cornell Engineering Week: There are still mysteries to uncover about the bones in our body. Eve Donnelly, associate professor of materials science and engineering, looks into some to find out. Eve Donnelly is an associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Cornell University, where her research focuses on the microscopic structure and composition of connective tissues, especially bone, determine their strength, resilience, and susceptibility to fracture. Her work focuses on how the organic and inorganic components of bone interact to create its mechanical properties, and how those interactions change in disease. The long-term goal of her research is to integrate materials science with orthopedic medicine to uncover the mechanisms behind pathologic fractures. We tend to think we’ve got bones all figured out. They hold us up, protect our organs, and – as we have learned from a young age – they get stronger with calcium, vitamin D, and exercise. But there is still a lot we don’t understand about what makes bones truly strong and healthy.Take Type 2 diabetes, for example. People with this condition tend to have denser bones than average. One would think that would make them less likely to break. Yet, paradoxically, people with diabetes are more likely to have fractures.In my lab, we study why. It turns out that having more bone isn’t the same as having better bone. Healthy bone is a natural composite, part mineral for strength, part collagen for flexibility. In diabetes, excess sugar in the bloodstream can stick to the collagen and form unwanted crosslinks that make the tissue more brittle.We used high-resolution imaging and other techniques to look deep inside diabetic bone and found that it has more of the harmful crosslinks and less renewal of old bone by the bone cells, which could allow it to develop tiny cracks that build up over time. So even when the bone looks fine on a density scan, it’s more fragile than it seems.This research helps explain why current diagnostic tools, which focus mainly on bone density, can fail to predict fracture risk in people with diabetes. By uncovering how sugar compounds alter bone material, we can work toward better screening methods, and therapies that promote bone quality, not just density.Bones may look simple on the surface, but they’re remarkable, living materials that hold mysteries we’re only beginning to unravel. And each new discovery brings us closer to understanding how to keep our bones healthy and resilient for a lifetime. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit academicminute.substack.com

    3 min
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